Nursing theoretical frameworks

Question 1

What is a nursing philosophy?

Answer 1

A philosophy of nursing is an approach to nursing typically formulated by individual nurses based on their daily practice in the field. Nurses use their philosophy of nursing to articulate their beliefs about what nursing is, the role it plays in the healthcare field, and how they interact with patients.

Question 2

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Answer 2

Florence Nightingale, born in 1820, was a British nurse, social reformer, and statistician, known as the founder of modern nursing.

Question 3

What were her contributions to nursing?

Answer 3

Nightingale established St. Thomas’ Hospital and the Nightingale Training School for Nurses in 1860. She pioneered the Environmental Theory of nursing, emphasizing the importance of factors like fresh air, cleanliness, and light in patient care.

Question 4

How did Nightingale gain fame?

Answer 4

During the Crimean War, Nightingale organized a team of nurses and improved sanitation practices, reducing the hospital death rate significantly. Her compassionate care led to her being known as “The Lady with the Lamp” or “the Angel of the Crimea.”

Question 5

What was her legacy?

Answer 5

Nightingale’s efforts to reform healthcare greatly influenced nursing practices in the 19th and 20th centuries. She died in 1910, leaving behind a lasting impact on the nursing profession.

Question 6

What is Jean Watson known for in nursing?

Answer 6

Jean Watson is known for pioneering the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.

Question 7

What are the main principles of Watson’s Theory of Caring?

Answer 7

Watson’s Theory of Caring emphasizes that nursing is about promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health. It focuses on the nurse-patient relationship and the importance of caring in promoting wellness.

Question 8

What are the key elements of Watson’s Theory of Caring?

Answer 8

The theory emphasizes the centrality of human caring and the transpersonal relationship between the caregiver and the recipient. It’s built upon ten carative factors, including values, kindness, trust, nurturing relationships, problem-solving, teaching, creating a healing environment, addressing basic needs, and remaining open to mystery and miracles.

Question 9

What are the stages of nursing expertise proposed by Patricia Benner?

Answer 9

Novice: Nursing students in their first year of clinical education.
Advanced Beginner: New graduates in their first jobs.
Competent: Nurses with some mastery and organizational skills.
Proficient: Nurses capable of seeing situations as wholes and modifying plans accordingly.
Expert: Nurses who intuitively grasp situations based on deep knowledge and experience and focus on relevant problems.

Question 10

How do nurses progress through these stages?

Answer 10

Nurses progress through these stages by gaining experience and deepening their understanding of patient care over time. They move from limited and inflexible behavior to intuitive grasp of situations based on extensive knowledge and experience.

Question 11

What is the Caritative Caring Theory?

Answer 11

Erikson The Caritative Caring Theory emphasizes the use of “caritas” or love in nursing care, particularly when caring for individuals in both health and suffering. It focuses on alleviating suffering and serving life and health as the ultimate goal of caring. The theory, inspired by the work of Eriksson, has had a significant impact in the Nordic countries, influencing research, education, and clinical practice in nursing.

Question 12

How does the theory distinguish between caring nursing and nursing care?

Answer 12

According to Eriksson, caring nursing involves the use of caritative caring, where the caregiver alleviates the suffering of the patient with a spirit of love. On the other hand, nursing care, which is based on the nursing care process, is considered truly effective only when it is rooted in the innermost core of caring.

Question 13

What is a nursing conceptual model?

Answer 13

A nursing conceptual model or theoretical framework offers a coherent, unified, and orderly way of envisioning related events or processes relevant to the nursing discipline.

Question 14

Who was Martha Rogers, and what is her contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 14

Martha Elizabeth Rogers was an American nurse, researcher, theorist, and author known for developing the “Science of Unitary Human Beings” (SUHB). This theory views nursing as both a science and an art, providing a way to understand the unitary human being as integral with the universe.

Question 15

What are the main concepts of Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings theory?

Answer 15

Rogers’ theory includes eight main concepts: energy field, openness, pattern, pan-dimensionality, homeodynamic principles, resonance, helicy, and integrality.

Question 16

What are the assumptions of Rogers’ Theory of Unitary Human Beings?

Answer 16

The assumptions of Rogers’ theory are:

Man is a unified whole with his own integrity.
Man and environment continuously exchange matter and energy.
The life process evolves irreversibly along the space-time continuum.
Pattern and organization reflect man’s innovative wholeness.
Man is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion.

Question 17

Who was Dorothea Orem, and what is her contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 17

Dorothea Elizabeth Orem was a prominent American nursing theorist who developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, also known as the Orem Model of Nursing. Born on July 15, 1914, in Baltimore, Maryland, she earned her nursing diploma in the early 1930s and later completed her Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in Nursing from the Catholic University of America.

Question 18

What is the focus of Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory?

Answer 18

Orem’s theory focuses on each individual’s ability to perform self-care, defined as “the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.” It comprises three interrelated theories: the theory of self-care, the self-care deficit theory, and the theory of nursing systems.

Question 19

Who was Imogene King, and what is her contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 19

Imogene King was a pioneering figure in nursing theory development. She is best known for her interacting systems theory of nursing and her theory of goal attainment. Born on January 30, 1923, in West Point, Iowa, she served as the director of the Ohio State University School of Nursing and held academic positions at Loyola University in Chicago. She passed away on December 24, 2007, in St. Petersburg, Florida.

Question 20

What is Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment?

Answer 20

King’s Theory of Goal Attainment posits that nursing is a process of action, reaction, and interaction between the nurse and the client. It emphasizes that the nurse and patient collaborate to set goals and take actions to achieve those goals. The model focuses on the attainment of certain life goals and highlights the importance of communication and shared decision-making between the nurse and the patient.

Question 21

What factors influence the attainment of goals in King’s theory?

Answer 21

Factors that affect the attainment of goals in King’s theory include roles, stress, space, and time. The nurse’s goal is to assist patients in maintaining health so they can function effectively in their individual roles.

Question 22

Who was Betty Neuman, and what influenced her career in nursing?

Answer 22

Betty Neuman, born in 1924 near Lowell, Ohio, grew up on a farm and was influenced by her mother, a self-educated midwife, and her experience caring for her sick father. This instilled in her a compassion for helping others, leading her to pursue a career in nursing. She earned a master’s degree in mental health and public health consultation.

Question 23

What is the Neuman Systems Model?

Answer 23

The Neuman Systems Model views the client as an open system that responds to stressors in the environment. It incorporates client variables such as physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual factors. The model describes the client system’s basic or core structure, lines of resistance, and levels of defense against stressors. Nursing interventions focus on prevention modalities, including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

Question 24

What are the assumptions of the Neuman Systems Model?

Answer 24

The assumptions of the Neuman Systems Model include the uniqueness of each client system, the existence of various stressors, and the interrelationships among client variables affecting stability levels. The model acknowledges the potential for disturbances in a client’s usual stability level and emphasizes the importance of understanding these interrelationships in providing effective nursing care.

Question 25

What is primary prevention in the context of the Neuman Systems Model?

Answer 25

Primary prevention in the Neuman Systems Model involves applying general knowledge to assess and intervene with clients, identifying and reducing or mitigating potenti

Question 26

What is secondary prevention according to the Neuman Systems Model?

Answer 26

Secondary prevention in the Neuman Systems Model entails addressing symptomatology following a reaction to stressors, prioritizing interventions appropriately, and providing treatment to reduce their harmful effects.

Question 27

How is tertiary prevention defined within the Neuman Systems Model?

Answer 27

Tertiary prevention in the Neuman Systems Model involves adjustive processes occurring during reconstitution, as well as maintenance factors that guide the client back toward primary prevention in a circular manner.

Question 28

Who is Sister Callista Roy, and what is her contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 28

Sister Callista Roy, CSJ, is an American nun, nursing theorist, professor, and author known for creating the adaptation model of nursing. She served as a nursing professor at Boston College until her retirement in 2017 and was designated as a Living Legend by the American Academy of Nursing in 2007.

Question 29

What educational background did Sister Callista Roy have?

Answer 29

Sister Callista Roy received her Bachelor of Arts Major in Nursing from Mount Saint Mary’s College in Los Angeles in 1963. She then earned her master’s degree in nursing from the University of California in 1966. Additionally, Roy pursued further education in sociology, earning both a master’s degree and a doctorate degree in sociology from the University of California.

Question 30

How does the adaptation model of nursing, developed by Sister Callista Roy, function?

Answer 30

In the adaptation model of nursing, the nurse collaborates with individuals and groups to assess their adaptive strengths and help them deal with issues encountered in promoting their health. The model emphasizes the dynamic nature of adaptation and aims to facilitate individuals’ and groups’ ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Question 31

Who was Dorothy Johnson, and what is her notable contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 31

Dorothy Johnson, born on August 21, 1919, in Savannah, Georgia, is known for her “Behavioral System Model of Nursing,” first proposed in 1968. She began her nursing career after graduating as the top student from Vanderbilt University School of Nursing in 1942 and later earned a master’s in public health from Harvard University in 1948. Johnson served as a pediatric nursing advisor in South India and chaired committees for the California Nurses Association. She passed away in February 1999 at the age of 80.

Question 32

What does Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model propose?

Answer 32

Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model posits that each individual possesses patterned, purposeful, and repetitive ways of acting, forming a behavioral system specific to that individual. The model advocates for fostering efficient and effective behavioral functioning in patients to prevent illness. It defines the patient as a behavioral system comprised of seven subsystems: affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. Each subsystem has functional requirements aimed at maintaining equilibrium, and any imbalance results in disequilibrium.

Question 33

What is the nurse’s role according to Dorothy Johnson’s model?

Answer 33

In Johnson’s model, the nurse’s role is to assist the patient in maintaining equilibrium within their behavioral system. This involves providing protection from harmful influences, creating a nurturing environment, and stimulating growth in each subsystem.

Question 34

Who is Faye Glenn Abdellah, and what is her notable contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 34

Faye Glenn Abdellah, born on March 13, 1919, in New York, is known for her “21 Nursing Problems Theory.” She proposed that nursing is based on an art and science that shapes the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of nurses to assist individuals, whether sick or well, in coping with their health needs. Abdellah’s patient-centered approach to nursing is considered a human needs theory.

Question 35

What are the assumptions of Faye Glenn Abdellah’s “21 Nursing Problems Theory”?

Answer 35

Abdellah’s theory assumes the need to appreciate the interconnectedness of social enterprises and problems, the impact of societal issues like poverty and racism on health, changing nursing education, and the development of nursing leaders from underserved groups.

Question 36

What are the categories of nursing problems in Faye Glenn Abdellah’s theory, and what are some examples?

Answer 36

The 21 nursing problems in Abdellah’s theory fall into three categories: physical, sociological, and emotional needs of patients; types of interpersonal relationships between the patient and nurse; and common elements of patient care. Examples of these problems include promoting optimal activity, maintaining safety, facilitating sensory function, promoting interpersonal relationships, and understanding the role of social problems in influencing illness.

Question 37

What is Virginia Henderson known for, and what is her notable contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 37

Virginia Henderson, known as the “First Lady of Nursing,” developed the Nursing Need Theory. She defined nursing as assisting individuals, whether sick or well, in performing activities contributing to health or its recovery. Henderson’s theory emphasizes increasing patient independence to hasten their progress in the hospital, focusing on basic human needs and how nurses can assist in meeting those needs.

Question 38

What are the assumptions of Virginia Henderson’s Nursing Need Theory?

Answer 38

Henderson’s theory assumes that nurses care for patients until they can care for themselves, patients desire to return to health, nurses are willing to serve the patient day and night, and the mind and body are inseparable and interrelated.

Question 39

What are the components of Virginia Henderson’s Nursing Need Theory?

Answer 39

Henderson’s theory consists of 14 components, covering physiological, psychological, spiritual, and social needs. These components include breathing normally, eating and drinking adequately, maintaining hygiene, facilitating communication, engaging in recreational activities, and learning for normal development and health.

Question 40

Who is Nola Pender, and what is her contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 40

Nola Pender, born on August 16, 1941, in Lansing, Michigan, developed the Health Promotion Model. This model focuses on each person’s unique characteristics and experiences that affect their actions, aiming to promote health, enhance functional ability, and improve the quality of life at all stages of development. Pender’s model emphasizes the multidimensional nature of individuals as they interact with the environment to pursue health.

Question 41

What is Madeleine Leininger known for, and what is her contribution to nursing theory?

Answer 41

Madeleine Leininger, internationally known as the developer of the concept of transcultural nursing, introduced the Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Theory. This theory focuses on understanding different cultures’ caring practices, beliefs, and values to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services. Leininger’s theory emphasizes cultural competence in nursing care, acknowledging the diversity of cultural values and health-illness contexts.

Question 42

Who is Margaret Newman?

Answer 42

Margaret Newman was a nurse and nursing theorist born on October 10, 1933. She held degrees from the University of Tennessee, University of California, and New York University, and worked at various universities including University of Tennessee, New York University, Pennsylvania State University, and University of Minnesota.

Question 43

What is the theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness?

Answer 43

The theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness was developed by Margaret Newman. It views nursing as a process of recognizing the patient in relation to their environment and understanding consciousness. It emphasizes that health isn’t just the absence of disease, but a process of expanding consciousness and finding greater meaning in life.

Question 44

How does Newman describe the connection between nursing and consciousness?

Answer 44

Newman sees nursing as a connection between the nurse and patient, where both grow in consciousness. She emphasizes understanding the patient’s individual pattern or consciousness as essential in the nursing process.

Question 45

What does Newman mean by “expanding consciousness”?

Answer 45

Expanding consciousness, according to Newman, is a universal process where individuals become more of themselves, find greater meaning in life, and develop deeper connections with others and the world. It involves evolving individual patterns of wholeness and understanding.

Question 46

What is the significance of Newman’s theory in nursing?

Answer 46

Newman’s theory highlights the holistic nature of nursing, emphasizing the importance of understanding consciousness and individual patterns in promoting health. It shifts the focus from merely treating disease to fostering personal growth and meaning in patients’ lives.

Question 47

Who is Rosemarie Rizzo Parse?

Answer 47

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse is a nurse and nursing theorist born on July 28, 1938. She obtained her degrees from Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, including her master’s and doctorate degrees. Parse is known for developing the Human Becoming Theory.

Question 48

What is the Human Becoming Theory?

Answer 48

The Human Becoming Theory, developed by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, views nursing as a science and an art practiced in relationships with individuals, groups, and communities as they undergo processes of becoming. It emphasizes that a person is more than the sum of their parts and that nursing involves using abstract knowledge to assist people in their unique journeys.

Question 49

What are the key themes of the Human Becoming Theory?

Answer 49

The Human Becoming Theory revolves around three themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence. Meaning refers to freely choosing personal meaning in life situations. Rhythmicity emphasizes co-creating rhythmic patterns of relating with the universe. Transcendence involves reaching beyond personal limits and constantly transforming.

Question 50

What assumptions does the Human Becoming Theory make about becoming?

Answer 50

The Human Becoming Theory makes several assumptions about becoming:

Becoming is unitary with human-living-health.

Becoming is rhythmically co-constituting the human-universe process.

Becoming is the human’s patterns of relating value priorities.

Becoming is an intersubjective process of transcending with possibilities.

Becoming is the unitary human’s emerging.

Question 51

What are the four postulates permeating the themes of the Human Becoming Theory?

Answer 51

The four postulates are:

Illimitability: the indivisible unbounded knowing extended to infinity.

Paradox: an intricate rhythm expressed as a pattern preference.

Freedom: contextually construed liberation allowing people to continuously choose ways of being.

Mystery: the unexplainable, that which cannot be completely known.

Question 52

Who is Jean Watson?

Answer 52

Jean Watson is a nurse and nursing theorist born on June 10, 1940. She is renowned for her Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring. Watson emphasizes the importance of caring in nursing practice and believes it promotes health better than just medical treatment. She authored texts such as “Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring.”

Question 53

What is the Theory of Human Caring by Jean Watson?

Answer 53

Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring states that nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health. Caring is central to nursing practice and can be effectively demonstrated and practiced interpersonally. Watson’s model emphasizes the importance of creating a caring environment that accepts patients as they are and supports their growth.

Question 54

What are the assumptions of Watson’s Theory of Human Caring?

Answer 54

The assumptions of Watson’s Theory of Human Caring include:

Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally.

Caring consists of carative factors that satisfy human needs.

Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth.
Caring responses accept the patient as they are now and as they may become.

A caring environment fosters development and allows patients to choose the best action for themselves.

A science of caring complements the science of curing.
The practice of caring is central to nursing.

Question 55

Who is ida Jean Orlando?

Answer 55

Ida Jean Orlando was an internationally known psychiatric health nurse, theorist, and researcher born on August 12, 1926. She developed the Deliberative Nursing Process Theory, which focuses on creating effective nursing care plans that can be adapted to meet patients’ needs.

Question 56

: What are the stages of the Deliberative Nursing Process Theory?

Answer 56

The Deliberative Nursing Process Theory consists of five stages:

Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation

Question 57

What is the goal of the Deliberative Nursing Process Theory?

Answer 57

The goal of the Deliberative Nursing Process Theory is for nurses to identify and meet the patient’s immediate needs for help. Orlando believes that all patient behavior can be a cry for help, and it’s the nurse’s role to understand the nature of the patient’s distress and provide the necessary assistance. The theory revolves around concepts such as the function of professional nursing, presenting behavior, immediate reaction, nursing process discipline, and improvement.

Question 58

Who is Rozanno Locsin?

Answer 58

Rozanno Locsin is a Filipino nursing theorist born in 1954, originally from Dumaguete City, Philippines. He is a Professor of Nursing at Tokushima University in Japan and holds the title of Professor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic University in the United States. Locsin has also served as a Visiting Professor at various universities in Thailand, Uganda, and the Philippines. He is known for his work on Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing.

Question 59

What is Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing according to Rozanno Locsin?

Answer 59

: Rozanno Locsin’s theory of Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing emphasizes the integration of technology with human caring in nursing practice. He believes that nursing must adapt to technological advancements while remaining rooted in human caring. Locsin sees technology as an extension of caring that enables a greater sense of knowing between the nurse and the patient.

Question 60

How does Locsin view the role of nursing in relation to technology and caring?

Answer 60

Locsin believes that the role of nursing is not just to fix or make the patient whole but to fully know and care for them. He sees technology as facilitating this knowing process between the nurse and the patient. Nursing, according to Locsin, is a discipline that utilizes technology to individualize care and meet the unique needs of each person.

Question 61

What are the four metaparadigm concepts in Locsin’s theory?

Answer 61

The four metaparadigm concepts in Locsin’s theory are Health, Nursing, Environment, and Person. Health involves patient participation in their own health, utilizing technology to understand their needs better. Nursing is described as a discipline that individualizes care using technology. Environment encompasses the surroundings where technology is utilized, such as critical care units, to understand the patient’s complete state of health. Person refers to the recipient of nursing care, emphasizing their desires, dreams, and ambitions, and recognizing them as unique individuals.

Question 62

What is the middle-range theory of Technological Competency as Expression of Caring in Nursing?

Answer 62

The middle-range theory of Technological Competency as Expression of Caring in Nursing, developed by Locsin, acknowledges the harmonious coexistence of technological proficiency and caring in nursing practice. It emphasizes that technological competency can be expressed as caring in nursing, highlighting the integration of technology and human caring as fundamental concepts in nursing practice.