Evolution of nursing Flashcards
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A profession responsible for continuous care of the sick, injured, disabled, and dying.
Nursing
Who is known as the mother of modern nursing, came from a wealthy family, and produced well-educated nurses, despite early records of nurses in ancient civilizations like Egypt?
Florence Nightingale
How did Florence Nightingale have the opportunity to test her beliefs during Britain’s Crimean War, and what recognition did she receive from the Queen and the British government after the war?
1854, Nightingale jewel
What changes occurred within weeks due to Florence Nightingale’s efforts, and how did she become known to the public?
Within weeks, death rates plummeted as soldiers were no longer sickened by infectious diseases arising from poor sanitary conditions. Within months, a grateful public knew of the work of the “Lady with the Lamp,” who made nightly rounds comforting the sick and wounded, earning her the title “Angel of Crimea.”
By the end of the 19th century, what belief did the entire Western world share with Nightingale?
The entire Western world shared Nightingale’s belief in the worth of educated nurses.
When is nursing as a practice said to have begun?
Nursing as a practice is said to have begun between 1840 and 1845.
What technological advancements were brought into hospitals, and what change in nursing requirements occurred in the 1960s?
Technology was brought into hospitals in the form of advanced patient beds, stethoscopes, and blood pressure devices. In the 1960s, it became common for hospitals to require nurses to have a specialty instead of being proficient in several different areas.
How did nursing care evolve during the Indo-Christian era, and what role did women play in it?
During the Indo-Christian era, women provided nursing care at home based on humanitarian principles without formal education or training, using their skills as loving mothers on a person-to-person basis. By the Middle Ages (500-1500 AD), nursing became organized, with most nurses being part of religious orders. They received training from practical experience and were expected to care for the sick outside the home as an expression of Christian love.
Who was Phoebe of Cenchreae, and what significant contribution did she make to nursing?
Phoebe of Cenchreae dedicated her life as the first visiting nurse. She founded the deaconesses, an order of Christian women who served the sick and poor.
What are nursing theories, and what purpose do they serve in the field of nursing?
Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge that define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it. They provide a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide the practice of nursing at a more concrete and specific level, helping to define nursing as a unique discipline separate from others, such as medicine.
What is meant by philosophy in the context of beliefs and values?
Philosophy refers to the beliefs and values that people are born into, defining a way of thinking that is generally known and understood by a group or discipline.
What is a theory, and how is it defined in various contexts?
A theory is a set of concepts used to explain a phenomenon, serving as a basis of action, description, prediction, or control. It refers to a logical group of general propositions used as principles of explanation.
What is a concept, and how is it described in relation to theories?
A concept is a representation of relationships among variables and serves as the building blocks of theories. It defines an explanation of theory and is often called the building blocks of theories. Concepts are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images.
What are models, and how do they relate to theories?
Models are representations of the interaction among and between concepts, showing patterns. They present an overview of the thinking behind the theory and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice.
What role do nursing theories play in contemporary nursing practice, and how was nursing viewed before the development of nursing theories?
Nursing theories serve as the basis of nursing practice today. Before nursing theories were developed, nursing was considered to be a task-oriented occupation.
-Much of the earlier nursing
programs identified the major concepts in one or two
nursing models, organized the concepts and build an entire
nursing curriculum around the created framework.
.Academic Discipline
to provide perspective and guidance to the
research study. Theory can also be used to guide the
research
Research
-Clinical practice generates research
questions and knowledge for theory. In a clinical setting, its
primary contribution has been the facilitation of reflecting,
questioning, and thinking about what nurses do.
Proffesion
abstract, broad in scope, and complex, often requiring further research for clarification. They do not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions but rather offer a general framework and ideas about nursing.
Grand nursing theories
are more limited in scope compared to grand theories and present concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction. They focus on addressing specific phenomena within nursing.
Middle-range theories
are situation-specific, narrow in scope, and focus on a specific patient, often interrelated with concepts from middle-range or grand theories. They are based on experience and tailored to specific situations.
Practice nursing theories
When did the first nursing theories emerge, and what characterized the context during that time?
The first nursing theories appeared in the late 1800s when there was a strong emphasis on nursing education.
How did Florence Nightingale define nursing in her “Environmental Theory” in 1860?
In her “Environmental Theory,” Florence Nightingale defined nursing as the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.
What consensus emerged among nursing scholars in the 1950s regarding the field of nursing?
In the 1950s, there was a consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge.
What significant contribution did Hildegard Peplau make to nursing theory in 1952?
In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations, which emphasized the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.
What did Virginia Henderson conceptualize in 1955, and what theory did she develop?
In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs, leading to the development of her Nursing Need Theory.
What significant contribution did Faye Abdellah make in 1960?
In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
What was emphasized by Faye Orlando in 1962, and how did she view the professional function of nursing?
In 1962, Faye Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship between the patient and nurse. She viewed the professional function of nursing as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help.
What did Dorothy Johnson pioneer in 1968, and what was the focus of her model?
In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model, which focused on fostering efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
How did Martha Rogers view nursing in 1970, and how did she define it as both a science and an art?
In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art. She saw nursing as a science, involving discussion and background related to scientific explanation, and as an art, which she defined as organized and in order.
What did Dorothea Orem state in her theory in 1971, and what is emphasized in Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment?
In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs. Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment emphasizes that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and collaborates with the patient to achieve health-related goals.
What did Betty Newman state in her theory in 1972, and what is the goal of the system model of nursing practice according to her theory?
In 1972, Betty Newman stated in her theory that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. The goal of the system model of nursing practice, according to her theory, is stress reduction.
What perspectives did Sr. Callista Roy and Jean Watson present in 1979?
In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems who strive, while Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring, highlighting humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice.
Who is considered the recipient of nursing care?
The recipient of nursing care, also known as the client or human beings, encompasses individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities.
What is meant by “environment” in the context of nursing care?
In nursing care, “environment,” also known as the situation, refers to the internal and external surroundings that influence the client.
How is health defined in the context of nursing care?
Health is defined as the degree of wellness or well-being experienced by the client. This definition may vary for each patient, depending on factors such as their individual circumstances, the clinical setting, and the perspectives of healthcare providers.
What is nursing?
Nursing encompasses the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse who provides care either on behalf of or in collaboration with the client.
What is the term used to describe an idea or response about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations?
Phenomenon
How are concepts defined within a theory, and what are the types of concepts used in this context?
Concepts within a theory are interrelated and help describe or label a phenomenon. They serve to identify, define, and establish structure and boundaries for ideas generated about a particular phenomenon. Concepts may be abstract or concrete. Abstract concepts are mentally constructed independent of a specific time or place, while concrete concepts are directly experienced and related to a particular time or place.
are used to convey the general meaning of the concepts
of the theory. Definitions can be theoretical or operational.
Definitions
What are theoretical definitions?
Theoretical definitions define a particular concept based on the perspective of the theorist who developed the theory.
What are operational definitions?
Operational definitions state how concepts are measured within a theory, providing a practical and tangible way to assess or quantify them.
What are relational statements within a theoretical framework?
Relational statements define the relationships between two or more concepts within a theory. They serve as the connections or chains that link concepts to one another, elucidating how they interact or influence each other within the theoretical framework.
What are assumptions within a theoretical framework?
Assumptions are accepted as truths within a theoretical framework, based on the values and beliefs of the theorist. They are statements that explain the nature of concepts and definitions, providing foundational principles upon which the theory is built.
What are descriptive theories in the context of theory development?
Descriptive theories represent the initial level of theory development. They focus on describing phenomena and identifying their properties and components. Unlike prescriptive or action-oriented theories, descriptive theories do not attempt to produce or change a situation. Instead, they aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under study.
What are prescriptive theories in the context of theory development?
Prescriptive theories aim to demonstrate rationality by offering an outline or guide for how individuals should make decisions if they are considered rational.
