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Nursing Research 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • systematic (step by step process), disciplined investigation
  • use of scientific method
A

Research

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2
Q

What is the PURPOSE of the Nursing Research?

A

to develop evidence on issues of the nursing profession

E.g. Nursing practice, education, administration.

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3
Q

What is the GOAL of the Nursing Research?

A

to improve QOL (quality of life) of patients

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4
Q

Purpose: to develop evidence on issues of the nursing profession
- E.g. Nursing practice, education, administration.
Goal: improve QOL (quality of life) of patients

A

Nursing research

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5
Q

What is the PURPOSE of the Clinical nursing research?

A

to guide bedside practice

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6
Q

to guide bedside practice

A

Clinical nursing research

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7
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • beliefs are truths
  • based on customs
  • not always correct
A

Tradition

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8
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • expert in field
  • not always correct
A

Authority

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9
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • based on nurse’s observations
  • may be biased
A

Clinical Experience

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10
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • risky, may cause injury
A

Trial and error

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11
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • hunch, instinct
A

Intuition

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12
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

What is this Reasoning?
Two types:
a) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reasoning
- specific to general 
b) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reasoning
 - general to specific
A

Logical Reasoning

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13
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • rigorous, systematic, evidence-based
A

Disciplined Research

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14
Q

What is the difference between Basic and Applied Research?

A

Basic: increase knowledge (gusto lang malaman)
Applied: find solutions to problems, higher level than basic

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of Variable?

Variable - vary; mga nagbabago

A
  1. Independent variable (IV)
  2. Dependent variable (DV)
  3. Confounding/Extraneous Variables (CV)
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16
Q

Variable:

  • presumed cause (ang dahilan, sanhi, pinanggalingan)
A

Independent variable (IV)v

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17
Q

Variable:

  • presumed effect, aka outcome variable (kinalabasan, resulta, bunga, epekto)
A

Dependent variable (DV)

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18
Q

Variable:

  • contaminating factors
  • BAD, extra, epal, not belong
  • ginugulo ang study; causes confusion
    Ex: Naruto hugged Hinata (IV) -> Naruto smiled (DV)
    but, Naruto and Inno kissed (CV)

Ex: sedentary lifestyle (IV) affects the increase of BP (DV)
but, then found out they are also alcoholic (CV)

A

Confounding/Extraneous Variables (CV)

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19
Q

What is the connection between two or more phenomena?

  • connection between variables
A

Relationships

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20
Q

Relationships:

______ relationship

  • cause-and-effect (100% sure)
  • no missed

Ex: A - (100%) - B
antibiotic -> kills bacteria

A

Causal relationship

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21
Q

Relationships:

______ relationship
- change in X tends to change Y (just a probability)

Ex: A - (chance) - B
Pts were given meds -> they can be cured (there’s a chance, but still depends on how their body reacts on meds)

A

Associative relationship

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22
Q

Empirical: observed, not hunch

  • uses 5 senses: vision, auditory, taste, smell,
  • subjective

Systematic: logical, planned
- unchangeable like blueprint

Quantitative data: numbers, statistics

Inc. validity, reliability, dec. biases
- controlled; papapuntahin

Deductive reasoning

A

Quantitative Research

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23
Q

Understanding human experience (culture, karanasan)

Flexible, evolving procedures
- pwedeng baguhin through new datas collected to improve and become its best

Qualitative data: narrative, subjective

Naturalistic setting (own environment)
- pinupuntahan

Inductive reasoning

A

Qualitative Research

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24
Q

Ethics in Research
What is the Code of Ethics in Research?

What is its Priority?

A

protection of research subjects

Priority: Safety

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25
Ethical Principles: Do good - ibigay/gawin to others to help Ex: medications giving surgical knife to the surgeon
Beneficence
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Ethical Principles: ____ Do no harm ____ Do harm Ex: asepsis - before giving meds, check wristband scrubbing hands (prevention)
Non-maleficence | Maleficence
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Ethical Principles: equal risks and benefits - fairness. fair tx
Justice
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Ethical Principles: - voluntary decision; self
Autonomy
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Ethical Principles: complete information about the study - verify, whole truth-telling
Veracity
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Ethical Principles: data not revealed and.. ______ identity cannot be linked to data - data not linked to person - identity of subject must be kept anonymous - remove identifying information (name, contact info)
Confidentiality Anonymity
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- accept or decline participation voluntarily - protects right to self-determination - protect autonomy
Informed Consent
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Informed Consent (VICS): V - no bribing/no blackmailing I - fully understood (procedures, risks) C - 18 y/o and above (legal age), coherent (competent to give consent); w/o psychotic episodes, not under alcohol, should be of sound mind S - (1) Participant (subject), (2) witnesses; on paper
V- oluntary I - nformed C - ompetence S- ignature
33
- “What is wrong?” - Curiosity and interests Ex: Research topic
Research Problem
34
- “What do you want to happen?” - aka. Goals and Objectives What is the difference between Goals and Objectives?
Statement of Purpose Goals (general) Objectives (specific)
35
- question to be answered in addressing the research problem (kung saan iikot ang study) - Basic form (PIRD):
Research Question
36
Research Question: | What are the Basic form (PIRD)?
P - opulation I - V: cause R - elationship D -V: effect/outcome variable
37
``` Ex: Among older adults (______), is high sugar intake (______) associated with (______) diabetes mellitus (______)? ```
Among older adults (Population), is high sugar intake (Independent variable IV), associated with (Relationship) diabetes mellitus (Dependent variable DV)
38
- predicted relationship between two or more variables - Formulated at Conceptual phase - Hypothesis testing: thru statistical analysis
Hypothesis
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- shows direction of the relationship - “more”, “less” -Inc. X, inc. Y: direct -Inc. X, dec. Y: inverse Ex: The telemedicine for pediatric cancer patients is effective in increasing their health status.
Directional
40
- No direction of the relationship - “related to, associated with” Ex: The telemedicine for pediatric cancer patients is associated with their health status.
Nondirectional hypothesis
41
_____ vs. _____ - Actual relationship - There is a significant difference. - No relationship. - There is no significant difference.
Research/Alternative vs Null hypothesis - Research/Alternative hypotheses (Ha) - Null hypotheses (Ho)
42
What are the Characteristics of RRL? (CUP B)
Characteristics (CUP B) - Comprehensive - Up-to-date: at most 5 years ago - Paraphrased: X copy, paste - Balanced: no bias
43
Type of Sources: - Reports of original researchers; original study
Primary source ***Primary > Secondary
44
Type of Sources: - Reports by someone other than original researcher
Secondary source ***Primary > Secondary
45
Quantitative Designs: - or Randomized Controlled Trial or Clinical Trial - 3 Features (CRM)
True Experimental
46
Quantitative Designs: True Experimental: - Control group (for comparison) - no intervention/ alternative intervention/ placebo - Placebo: false intervention, no value - no treatment, alternative tx, placebo (false tx)
Control
47
Quantitative Designs: True Experimental: - Random assignment to experimental and control groups - EG and CG are EQUIVALENT. Cancels confounding variables. dec. Bias
Randomization
48
Quantitative Designs: True Experimental: - intervention or treatment of experimental group
Manipulation
49
Type of Research Designs: - Absence of randomization - Experimental and Control groups are NON-EQUIVALENT. - Experimental > Quasi-experimental - "almost"; parang pero hindi
Quasi-experimental
50
Type of Research Designs: - Researchers: by-standers - When independent variables cannot be manipulated
Non-experimental
51
Non-experimental Designs: - observe, describe, and document variables - no relationship
Descriptive
52
Non-experimental Designs: - association/relationship between two variables - Correlation not causation - ___________: describes relationships among variables
Correlational Descriptive correlational
53
Non-experimental Designs: - follow to the future - Sample -> IV (Exposed/Not exposed) -> DV (affected/not affected) - same meaning; took years Time dimension: Longitudinal; mahaba, marami (multiple data collection) - data collection: multiple points - Explains trends over time
Prospective/ Cohort *Prospective > Retrospective Why? Prospective design can be controlled/monitored! *Retrospective: recall bias; data in not accurate
54
Non-experimental Designs: - look back in the past - IV (Exposed/Not Exposed) <- DV (Case/Control) <- Sample - starting: may sakit Time dimension: Cross-sectional (single data collection) - data collection: one point in time - Cannot explain trends over time
Retrospective/ Case-control *Prospective > Retrospective Why? Prospective design can be controlled/monitored! *Retrospective: recall bias; data in not accurate
55
- identify themes (of responses) and categories - flexible and elastic; evolves throughout study - Triangulation: use of multiple sources; strengthens evidence.
Qualitative Designs
56
Qualitative Designs: - Cultural patterns, lifeways, and experiences - 2 Perspectives o ___:outsider’s view (researcher) o ___: insiders’ view (participant) "Ifugaos in the face of modern world"
Ethnography Etic: outsider’sview (researcher) Emic: insiders’ view (participant)
57
Qualitative Designs: - lived experience - discovering meaning "Lived experience of NLE reviewees for the Nov. 2020 licensure exam."
Phenomenology
58
Qualitative Designs: - understanding social processes - e.g. the process of practicing spirituality for health promotion of Filipinos - developing a theory "Developing the Art of Becoming a Couple"
Grounded theory
59
Qualitative Designs: - in-depth study of a single entity - E.g. Case presentation a case of an..
Case Studies
60
Qualitative Designs: - Collaboration: researchers x participants - Tasks: (1) conduct research, (2) empower people What type of research is PAR? What design of research is PAR?
Participatory Action Research (PAR) Type: Action research Design: Qualitative

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