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Nursing Research 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • systematic (step by step process), disciplined investigation
  • use of scientific method
A

Research

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2
Q

What is the PURPOSE of the Nursing Research?

A

to develop evidence on issues of the nursing profession

E.g. Nursing practice, education, administration.

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3
Q

What is the GOAL of the Nursing Research?

A

to improve QOL (quality of life) of patients

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4
Q

Purpose: to develop evidence on issues of the nursing profession
- E.g. Nursing practice, education, administration.
Goal: improve QOL (quality of life) of patients

A

Nursing research

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5
Q

What is the PURPOSE of the Clinical nursing research?

A

to guide bedside practice

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6
Q

to guide bedside practice

A

Clinical nursing research

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7
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • beliefs are truths
  • based on customs
  • not always correct
A

Tradition

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8
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • expert in field
  • not always correct
A

Authority

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9
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • based on nurse’s observations
  • may be biased
A

Clinical Experience

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10
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • risky, may cause injury
A

Trial and error

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11
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • hunch, instinct
A

Intuition

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12
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

What is this Reasoning?
Two types:
a) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reasoning
- specific to general 
b) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reasoning
 - general to specific
A

Logical Reasoning

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13
Q

Basic Concepts:
Sources of Evidence

  • rigorous, systematic, evidence-based
A

Disciplined Research

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14
Q

What is the difference between Basic and Applied Research?

A

Basic: increase knowledge (gusto lang malaman)
Applied: find solutions to problems, higher level than basic

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of Variable?

Variable - vary; mga nagbabago

A
  1. Independent variable (IV)
  2. Dependent variable (DV)
  3. Confounding/Extraneous Variables (CV)
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16
Q

Variable:

  • presumed cause (ang dahilan, sanhi, pinanggalingan)
A

Independent variable (IV)v

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17
Q

Variable:

  • presumed effect, aka outcome variable (kinalabasan, resulta, bunga, epekto)
A

Dependent variable (DV)

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18
Q

Variable:

  • contaminating factors
  • BAD, extra, epal, not belong
  • ginugulo ang study; causes confusion
    Ex: Naruto hugged Hinata (IV) -> Naruto smiled (DV)
    but, Naruto and Inno kissed (CV)

Ex: sedentary lifestyle (IV) affects the increase of BP (DV)
but, then found out they are also alcoholic (CV)

A

Confounding/Extraneous Variables (CV)

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19
Q

What is the connection between two or more phenomena?

  • connection between variables
A

Relationships

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20
Q

Relationships:

______ relationship

  • cause-and-effect (100% sure)
  • no missed

Ex: A - (100%) - B
antibiotic -> kills bacteria

A

Causal relationship

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21
Q

Relationships:

______ relationship
- change in X tends to change Y (just a probability)

Ex: A - (chance) - B
Pts were given meds -> they can be cured (there’s a chance, but still depends on how their body reacts on meds)

A

Associative relationship

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22
Q

Empirical: observed, not hunch

  • uses 5 senses: vision, auditory, taste, smell,
  • subjective

Systematic: logical, planned
- unchangeable like blueprint

Quantitative data: numbers, statistics

Inc. validity, reliability, dec. biases
- controlled; papapuntahin

Deductive reasoning

A

Quantitative Research

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23
Q

Understanding human experience (culture, karanasan)

Flexible, evolving procedures
- pwedeng baguhin through new datas collected to improve and become its best

Qualitative data: narrative, subjective

Naturalistic setting (own environment)
- pinupuntahan

Inductive reasoning

A

Qualitative Research

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24
Q

Ethics in Research
What is the Code of Ethics in Research?

What is its Priority?

A

protection of research subjects

Priority: Safety

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25
Q

Ethical Principles:

Do good
- ibigay/gawin to others to help

Ex: medications
giving surgical knife to the surgeon

A

Beneficence

26
Q

Ethical Principles:

____ Do no harm
____ Do harm

Ex: asepsis
- before giving meds, check wristband
scrubbing hands (prevention)

A

Non-maleficence

Maleficence

27
Q

Ethical Principles:

equal risks and benefits
- fairness. fair tx

A

Justice

28
Q

Ethical Principles:

  • voluntary decision; self
A

Autonomy

29
Q

Ethical Principles:

complete information about the study
- verify, whole truth-telling

A

Veracity

30
Q

Ethical Principles:

data not revealed
and..
______ identity cannot be linked to data
- data not linked to person
- identity of subject must be kept anonymous
- remove identifying information (name, contact info)

A

Confidentiality

Anonymity

31
Q
  • accept or decline participation voluntarily
  • protects right to self-determination
  • protect autonomy
A

Informed Consent

32
Q

Informed Consent (VICS):

V - no bribing/no blackmailing

I - fully understood (procedures, risks)

C - 18 y/o and above (legal age), coherent (competent to give consent); w/o psychotic episodes, not under alcohol, should be of sound mind

S - (1) Participant (subject), (2) witnesses; on paper

A

V- oluntary

I - nformed

C - ompetence

S- ignature

33
Q
  • “What is wrong?”
  • Curiosity and interests

Ex: Research topic

A

Research Problem

34
Q
  • “What do you want to happen?”
  • aka. Goals and Objectives

What is the difference between Goals and Objectives?

A

Statement of Purpose

Goals (general)
Objectives (specific)

35
Q
  • question to be answered in addressing the research problem (kung saan iikot ang study)
  • Basic form (PIRD):
A

Research Question

36
Q

Research Question:

What are the Basic form (PIRD)?

A

P - opulation
I - V: cause
R - elationship
D -V: effect/outcome variable

37
Q 
Ex:
Among older adults (\_\_\_\_\_\_), is high sugar intake (\_\_\_\_\_\_) associated with (\_\_\_\_\_\_)
diabetes mellitus (\_\_\_\_\_\_)?
A

Among older adults
(Population), is high sugar intake (Independent variable IV), associated with (Relationship) diabetes mellitus (Dependent
variable DV)

38
Q
  • predicted relationship between two or more variables
  • Formulated at Conceptual phase
  • Hypothesis testing: thru statistical analysis
A

Hypothesis

39
Q
  • shows direction of the relationship
  • “more”, “less”
    -Inc. X, inc. Y: direct
    -Inc. X, dec. Y: inverse
    Ex:
    The telemedicine for pediatric cancer patients is effective in increasing their health status.
A

Directional

40
Q
  • No direction of the relationship
  • “related to, associated with”
    Ex:
    The telemedicine for pediatric cancer patients is associated with their health status.
A

Nondirectional hypothesis

41
Q

_____ vs. _____

  • Actual relationship
  • There is a significant difference.
  • No relationship.
  • There is no significant difference.
A

Research/Alternative vs Null hypothesis

  • Research/Alternative hypotheses (Ha)
  • Null hypotheses (Ho)
42
Q

What are the Characteristics of RRL? (CUP B)

A

Characteristics (CUP B)

  • Comprehensive
  • Up-to-date: at most 5 years ago
  • Paraphrased: X copy, paste
  • Balanced: no bias
43
Q

Type of Sources:

  • Reports of original researchers; original study
A

Primary source

***Primary > Secondary

44
Q

Type of Sources:

  • Reports by someone other than original researcher
A

Secondary source

***Primary > Secondary

45
Q

Quantitative Designs:

  • or Randomized Controlled Trial or Clinical Trial
  • 3 Features (CRM)
A

True Experimental

46
Q

Quantitative Designs:
True Experimental:

  • Control group (for comparison)
  • no intervention/ alternative intervention/ placebo - Placebo: false intervention, no value
  • no treatment, alternative tx, placebo (false tx)
A

Control

47
Q

Quantitative Designs:
True Experimental:

  • Random assignment to experimental and control groups
  • EG and CG are EQUIVALENT. Cancels confounding variables. dec. Bias
A

Randomization

48
Q

Quantitative Designs:
True Experimental:

  • intervention or treatment of experimental group
A

Manipulation

49
Q

Type of Research Designs:

  • Absence of randomization
  • Experimental and Control groups are NON-EQUIVALENT.
  • Experimental > Quasi-experimental
  • “almost”; parang pero hindi
A

Quasi-experimental

50
Q

Type of Research Designs:

  • Researchers: by-standers
  • When independent variables cannot be manipulated
A

Non-experimental

51
Q

Non-experimental Designs:

  • observe, describe, and document variables
  • no relationship
A

Descriptive

52
Q

Non-experimental Designs:

  • association/relationship between two variables
  • Correlation not causation
  • ___________: describes relationships among variables
A

Correlational

Descriptive correlational

53
Q

Non-experimental Designs:

  • follow to the future
  • Sample -> IV (Exposed/Not exposed) -> DV (affected/not affected)
  • same meaning; took years

Time dimension: Longitudinal; mahaba, marami (multiple data collection)

  • data collection: multiple points
  • Explains trends over time
A

Prospective/ Cohort

*Prospective > Retrospective
Why? Prospective design can be controlled/monitored!

*Retrospective: recall bias; data in not accurate

54
Q

Non-experimental Designs:

  • look back in the past
  • IV (Exposed/Not Exposed) <- DV (Case/Control) <- Sample
  • starting: may sakit

Time dimension: Cross-sectional (single data collection)

  • data collection: one point in time
  • Cannot explain trends over time
A

Retrospective/ Case-control

*Prospective > Retrospective
Why? Prospective design can be controlled/monitored!

*Retrospective: recall bias; data in not accurate

55
Q
  • identify themes (of responses) and categories
  • flexible and elastic; evolves throughout study
  • Triangulation: use of multiple sources; strengthens evidence.
A

Qualitative Designs

56
Q

Qualitative Designs:

  • Cultural patterns, lifeways, and experiences
  • 2 Perspectives
    o ___:outsider’s view (researcher)
    o ___: insiders’ view (participant)

“Ifugaos in the face of modern world”

A

Ethnography

Etic: outsider’sview (researcher)
Emic: insiders’ view (participant)

57
Q

Qualitative Designs:

  • lived experience
  • discovering meaning

“Lived experience of NLE reviewees for the Nov. 2020 licensure exam.”

A

Phenomenology

58
Q

Qualitative Designs:

  • understanding social processes
  • e.g. the process of practicing spirituality for health promotion of Filipinos
  • developing a theory

“Developing the Art of Becoming a Couple”

A

Grounded theory

59
Q

Qualitative Designs:

  • in-depth study of a single entity
  • E.g. Case presentation

a case of an..

A

Case Studies

60
Q

Qualitative Designs:

  • Collaboration: researchers x participants
  • Tasks: (1) conduct research, (2) empower people

What type of research is PAR?
What design of research is PAR?

A

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

Type: Action research
Design: Qualitative

Research (2 decks)

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