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FUNDA LEC (MIDTERMS) > Nursing Process: Asepsis and Infection Control #2 > Flashcards

Nursing Process: Asepsis and Infection Control #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Body Defenses against infection

A

Nonspecific Defenses
Specific Defenses
Antibody Mediated Defenses
Cell Mediated Defenses

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2
Q

Nonspecific Defenses: Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers

A

Nasal Passages
Lungs
Phagocytes
Oral Cavity
Saliva
Eye (by Tears)
Gi Tract (High acidity)
Large intestine (Resident flora)
Vagina (pH level of 3.5 - 4.5)
Urethra (Urine)

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3
Q

is a local and
nonspecific defensive response of the
tissues to an injurious or infectious
agent.

A

Inflammation

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4
Q

What are the non specific defences

A

-Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers
-Inflammatory Response

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5
Q

Injurious agents can be categorized as

A

Physical agents
Chemical agents
Microorganisms

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6
Q

an agent that includes mechanical objects causing
trauma to tissues, excessive heat or cold, and
radiation

A

Physical agents

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7
Q

an agent that includes external irritants (e.g.,
strong acids, alkalis, poisons, and irritating gases)
and internal irritants (substances manufactured
within the body such as excessive hydrochloric acid
in the stomach)

A

Chemical agents

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8
Q

a agent that includes broad groups of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

A

Microorganisms

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9
Q

is produced, consisting
of fluid that escaped from the
blood vessels, dead phagocytic
cells, and dead tissue cells and
products that they release.

A

Exudate

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10
Q

What works together to form an interlacing network to wall off the area and prevent spread of injurious agent

A

Fibrinogen and Platelets

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11
Q

Suffix that describes inflammatory proces

A

itis

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12
Q

involves the repair of injured
tissues by regeneration or
replacement with fibrous
tissue (scar) formation

A

Reparative
Phase

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13
Q

is the
replacement of destroyed
tissue cells by cells that are
identical or similar in
structure and function.

A

Regeneration

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14
Q

What system does specific defense of the body involve

A

Immune system

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15
Q

is a substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness

A

antigen

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16
Q

if the proteins originate in an individual’s own body the antigen is called what?

A

Autoantigen

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17
Q

2 components of immune response

A

Anti Body mediated defenses
Cell mediated defenses

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18
Q

defend primarily against the extracellular
phases of bacterial and viral infections.

A

Antibody Mediated Defenses

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19
Q

Also called Immunoglobulins, and are a part of the body’s plasma proteins

A

Antibodies

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20
Q

These defenses reside ultimately in the B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

A

Humoral immunity

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21
Q

where does Humoral immunity reside?

A

In B Lymphocytes

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22
Q

What mediates the Humoral Immunity

A

antibodies produced by B cells

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23
Q

2 major types of immunity

A

Active and Passive immunity

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24
Q

5 classes of immunoglobulin designated by letters

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE

25
Q

what immunoglobulin indicates current infection

A

IgM

26
Q

what immunoglobulin
anti body indicated past infection and subsequent immunity

A

IgG antibodies

27
Q

the host receives natural
(e.g., from a nursing mother) or artificial (e.g.,
from an injection of immune serum) antibodies
produced by another source

A

acquired immunity

28
Q

Types of immunity and their definition

A

Active - antibodies produced by the body in response to an antigen (long duration)

Passive (acquired) - antibodies produced by another source, animal or human (short duration)

29
Q

What are the Natural and Artificial antibodies of active immunity

A

Natural - antibodies formed in the presence of infection (lifelong duration)

Artificial - Antigens are administered to stimulate antibody production (many year duration and must be reinforced by booster)

30
Q

What are the Natural and Artificial antibodies of passive immunity

A

Natural - Antibodies are transferred from an immune mother to her baby through the placenta or colostrum (6 to 1 year duration)

Artificial - Immune serum from an animal or human is injected (2-3 Weeks duration)

31
Q

occur through the T-cell system. On
exposure to an antigen, the lymphoid tissues
release large numbers of activated T cells into
the lymph system.

A

cell-mediated defenses, or cellular
immunity

32
Q

3 main groups of T cells

A

Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
Suppressor T Cells

33
Q

T cells that help in the functions
of the immune system;

A

Helper T Cells

34
Q

T cells that attack and kill
microorganisms and sometimes the
body’s own cells

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

35
Q

T cells that can suppress the
functions of the helper T cells and the Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Suppressor T cells

36
Q

Factors increasing susceptibility to infection

A

Age
Heredity
Level of Stress
Nutritional Status
Current Medical Therapy
Pre Existing Disease process

37
Q

Types of Exudate

A

Serous - Clear, Thin, Watery fluid

Serosanguineous - Thin, Watery, with light red or pink hue

Sanguineous - Bright Red, Fresh blood

Purulent - Thick, Opaque, Odorous build up from infection

38
Q

Signs of systemic infection include
the following:

A

-Fever
-Increased pulse and respiratory rate if the fever is high
- Malaise and loss of energy
- Anorexia and, in some situations, nausea and vomiting
- Enlargement and tenderness of
lymph nodes that drain the area of infection

39
Q

To identify clients at risk, the nurse:

A
  • reviews the client’s chart
  • collect data regarding the factors influencing the development of infection like:
  • existing disease process
  • history of recurrent infections
  • current medications
  • therapeutic measures
  • current emotional stressors
  • nutritional status
  • history of immunizations
40
Q

Laboratory data that may indicate the presence of an infection
include the following:

A
  • Elevated leukocyte
  • Elevated erythrocyte
  • Urine, blood, sputum, or other drainage cultures that indicate presence of pathogenic microorganism
  • Elevated Serum Lactate
41
Q

normal WBC count

A

4500 - 11, 000>mL3

42
Q

Diagnosing : What are the actual and potential problem

A

Risk of Infection
Altered comfort
Ineffective Coping

43
Q

Patients with infections are at risk of
complications. This diagnosis emphasizes the potential for
infection and the need for preventive measures.

A

Risk for Infection

44
Q

Infections often lead to discomfort and pain.
This diagnosis focuses on comfort measures and symptom
management

A

Altered Comfort

45
Q

Dealing with an infection can be emotionally
challenging. This diagnosis addresses the patient’s coping
abilities

A

Ineffective Coping

46
Q

Major Goals in planning

A
  • Maintain or restore defenses
  • Avoid the spread of infectious organisms
  • Reduce or alleviate problems associated with infection
47
Q

Health Teaching Plan for the Client and Family

A
  • ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
  • Teach the client and family members the signs and symptoms of infection, and
    when to contact a healthcare provider.
  • Teach the client and family members how to avoid infections
  • Suggest techniques for safe food preservation and preparation

-INFECTION PREVENTION
- Remind to avoid coughing, sneezing, or breathing
directly on others.
- Inform of the importance of maintaining sufficient fluid
intake to promote urine production and output.
- Emphasize the need for proper immunizations of all
family members.
- Discuss hand soaps and effective disinfectants.
- Promote nail care

48
Q

Implementing: Preventing Healthcare - Associated Infections

A

Hand Hygiene

49
Q

is a chemical preparation used on skin or
tissue.

A

antiseptic

50
Q

is a chemical preparation, such as phenol or
iodine compounds, used on inanimate objects

A

antiseptic

51
Q

preparation destroys
bacteria

A

Bactericidal

52
Q

preparation prevents
the growth and
reproduction of
some bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic

53
Q

is a process that destroys all
microorganisms, including spores and
viruses.

A

Sterilization

54
Q

Four commonly used methods of
sterilization

A

moist heat, gas, boiling
water, and radiation

55
Q

, steam under
pressure is used because it attains
temperatures higher than the boiling
point

A

Moist Heat (use of autoclave)

56
Q

destroys
microorganisms by interfering
with their metabolic processes.

A

Ethylene oxide

57
Q

It is also effective against
spores.
Its advantages are good penetration
and effectiveness for heat-sensitive
items.
Its major disadvantage is its
toxicity to humans

A

Gas

58
Q

This is the most practical and
inexpensive method for sterilizing
in the home.
The main disadvantage is that spores
and some viruses are not killed by
this method.

A

Boiling Water

59
Q

Both ionizing (such as alpha, beta, and xrays) and nonionizing (ultraviolet light)
radiation are used for disinfection
and sterilization.

A

Radiation

FUNDA LEC (MIDTERMS) (6 decks)

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