Nursing Process: Asepsis and Infection Control #1 Flashcards
It is the collective vegetation in a given area in one part of the body, yet produces infection if present in a different part of the body.
Resident Flora
E.g. Escherichia coli (E. coli) which is a normal inhabitant of the large intestine but a common infection in the urinary tract
Examples of common resident microorganisms in skin, nasal passages, and mouth
Skin - Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Staphylococcus Aureus, Propionibacterium Acnes, Corynebacterium Xerosis, Pityrosporum Ovale.
Nasal Passages - Staphylococcus Aureus, Staphylococcus Epidermis
Oropharynx/Mouth - Staphylococcus Pnuemonae, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Actinomyces, Staphylococcus Mutans.
Is the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found
Infection
What is the microorganism called in infection
Infectious Agent
A detectable alteration in normal tissue function is called
Disease
If the microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease the infection is called
asymptomatic or subclinical
Common resident microorganisms in the Intestine
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium Lactobacillus, Streptococcus Enterobacteriaceae, Shigella, Escherichia coli.
Common resident microorganism in the Urethral Orifice
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Common resident microorganism in the Lower Urethra
Proteus
Common resident microorganism in the vagina
Lactobacillus, Bacteriodes, Clostridium, Candina Albicans
the ability of the
microorganism to produce
disease, the severity of the
diseases they produce and
their degree of
communicability
Virulence
the ability
to produce disease; thus, a
pathogen is a
microorganism that causes
disease
Pathogenicity
Communicable disease
a condition resulting from an
infectious agent that is
transmitted to an individual
by direct or indirect contact
or as an airborne infection
causes disease only in a
susceptible individual.
Opportunistic Pathogen
The freedom from
disease-causing
microorganisms.
ASEPSIS
To decrease the
possibility of transferring
microorganisms from one
place to another, an
aseptic technique is used
ASEPSIS
2 TYPES OF
ASEPSIS
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis or
Sterile Technique
includes all practices intended to
confine a specific microorganism
to a specific area, limiting the
number, growth, and
transmission of microorganisms.
Medical Asepsis
means the absence of almost all
microorganisms,
clean
means
likely to have microorganisms,
some of which may be capable
of causing infection
dirty
Refers to those practices
that keep an area or object
free of all microorganisms;
it includes practices that
destroy all microorganisms
and spores (microscopic
dormant structures formed
by some pathogens that are
very hardy and often survive
common cleaning
techniques).
Surgical Asepsis or
Sterile Technique
When is surgical asepsis used?
Used for all procedures involving the sterile areas of the body
Difference between Medical Asepsis and Surgical Asepsis
Medical Asepsis
- Reduces number of pathogens
- Referred to as clean technique
- Used in the administration of Medications, Enemas, Tube Feedings, Daily Hygiene
- Hand washing is number 1
Surgical Asepsis
- Eliminate all pathogens
- Referred to as sterile technique
- Used in Dressing changes, Catheterizations, Surgical Procedures
Occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight an infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body
Sepsis
Four Major Categories of Microorganisms
Virus
Bacteria
Spores (Fungi)
Protozoa
TYPES OF INFECTION
Local Infection
Systemic Infection
Bacteremia
Septicemia
Chronic Infection
Acute Infection
Nosocomial Infections
limited to the specific part of
the body where the
microorganisms remain
Local Infection
the microorganisms spread
and damage different parts of
the body, the infection
Systemic Infection
When a culture of the individual’s
blood reveals microorganisms
Bacteremia
bacteremia results in systemic
infection
Septicemia
an infection that may occur slowly, over a very long
period, and may last months or years
Chronic Infection
an infection that Generally, appears suddenly or last a
short time
Acute Infection
classified as infections that
originate in the hospital
Nosocomial Infections
Nosocomial Infections that originate from Client
Endogenous Source
Nosocomial Infection that originates from Hospital environment or hospital personnel
Exogenous
Nosocomial Infections: Common Organisms in the Urinary Tract and their causes
E. Coli (Escherichia Coli) - Improper catherization technique
Enterococcus Species - contamination of closed drainage system
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Inadequate hand hygiene
Nosocomial Infections: Common Organisms in Surgical sites and their causes
Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains - MRSA) - inadequate hand hygiene
Enterococcus Species (including vancomycin-resistant strains - VRE) - improper dressing change technique
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - inadequate hand hygiene
Nosocomial Infections: Common Organisms in the Bloodstream and their causes
Coagulase-negative staphylococci - Inadequate hand hygiene
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus species - Improper intravenous fluid, tubing site care technique
Nosocomial Infections: Common Organisms in Pneumonia and their causes
Staphylococcus aureus - Inadequate hand hygiene
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Inadequate hand hygiene
Enterobacter species - Improper Suctioning Technique
Next sick person
(Susceptible host)
Babies
Children
Elderly
People with weakened immune system
Unimmunized People
Anyone
How Germs get in
(portal of entry)
Mouth
Cuts in the skin
Eyes
Germs get around
(Mode of transmission)
Contact (hands, toys, sand)
Droplets (When you speak, sneeze or cough)
Germs
(agent)
Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Where Germs live
(Reservoir)
People
Animals
Wild Animals
Food
Soil
Water
How germs get out
(Portal of exit)
Mouth ( vomit, saliva)
Cuts in the skin (Blood)
During diapering
Methods of
Transmission
Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission
involves the immediate and direct
transfer of microorganisms from
individual to individual through
touching, biting, kissing, or sexual
intercourse
Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmissions
Vehicle-borne transmission
Vector-borne transmission
Airborne transmission
is any substance that serves as an
intermediate means to transport and introduce
an infectious agent into a susceptible host
through a suitable portal of entry.
vehicle
what can act as vehicles
Fomites (inanimate objects)
E.g. Toys, Handkerchiefs, soiled clothes
is an animal or flying or
crawling insect that serves as an
intermediate means of
transporting the infectious agent.
vector
Transmission may occur by
injecting salivary fluid during
biting or by depositing feces or
other materials on the skin
through the bite wound or a
traumatized skin area
Vector-borne transmission
an indirect transmission that involves droplets or dust
Airborne transmission
the residue of
evaporated droplets emitted by an
infected host such as someone with
tuberculosis, can remain in the air for
long periods
Droplet nuclei
