Nursing Exam 2 Flashcards
Estimated average requirements
amount of individual needs
Adequate intake
amount of intake by healthy people
Nutrients:
-building blocks for cells and tissues
-supply energy
-help manufacture, maintain, and repair cells
Carbohydrates
-primary energy source
-sugars (provides glucose)
-provides most of bodys energy and fiber
Proteins
-repairs cells
-builds tissues
-nitrogen balance
-amino acids
Lipids
-fat
-key components of lipoproteins
-back-up energy source
-organ insulation/protection
Micronutrients
-only need in small amounts
-regulate body functions
Water
-makes up large percentage of body weight
-transports substances
-maintains body temperature
basal metabolic rate
amount of energy required at rest
total energy needs
replacing calories used for BMR and physcial activity
Factors affecting nutrition:
-developmental stage
-educational level
-knowledge of nutrition
Screening
-24 hour recall
-food frequency
-food record
BMI
Overweight: 25-29.9
Obesity I: 30-34.9
Obesity II: 35-39.9
Obesity III and up: 40 and up
Nutrients provide energy for:
- cellular metabolism
-tissue repair
-organ fxn
-growth and development
-physical activity
vitamins
-necessary for metabolism
What vitamins are fat-soluble?
A, D, E, K
What vitamins are water-soluble?
C and B complex
Minerals
complete essential biochemical reactions
Factors that affect nutrition/metabolism:
-religion/culture
-financial issues
-appetite
-disease
-medications
-age
Bulimia nervosa:
-binge eating followed by purging
-lack of control during binges
Binge-eating disorder:
-repeated episodes of binge eating
-loss of control followed by guilt
-often obese or overweight
BMI equation:
weight(kg)/height(m2)
feces
-semi-solid mass of fiber, undigested food, inorganic material
Process of bowel elimination:
- poop reaches rectum
- stretch receptors initiate contraction of colon and rectal muscles
- internal sphincter relaxes
- sensory impulses cause voluntary bearing down
- external sphincter relaxes
Ileostomy
a permanent diversion of the small intestine
colostomy
-reversible
-for fecal incontinence
To promote regular BM
-give privacy
-sit upright
-encourage fluids
-increase fiber
-exercise
when are enemas used?
if PO products dont work
cleansing enema:
clears out colon
retention enemas:
you keep it in there for as long as you can and it helps soften stool
return flow enemas:
You put an IV bag up and down and up and down
-removes gas and stimulates peristalsis
when do toddlers gain bowel control?
2-3 years old
older adults affect on bowel elimination
decreased peristalsis and the sphincter relaxes causing incontinence
paralytic ileus
intestinal obstruction caused by reduced mobility
what are causes of constipation?
-frequent laxative use
-older age
-dehydration
-low fiber
-pregnancy
what are causes of diarrhea?
-gastroenteritis
-antibiotics
-IBD
-IBS
in a fecal occult test, blue means?
positive for blood
what is sleep vs rest?
-sleep is a state of altered consciousness, decreased motor activity, and selective response to external stimuli
-res is mild to no activity, relaxations that leads to a refreshed feeling
sleep benefits:
-increases brain performance
-restores energy
-improves ability to cope
-strengthens immune systme
circadian rhythm
-internal clock
-24 hour day and night sleep/wake pattern
-affects overall level of functioning
reticular activating system
regulates arousal and sleep/wake transitions
insomnia
inability to fall or stay asleep
circadian disorders
abnormality in sleep/wake times
-jet lag, night shift, etc.
Hypersomnia
-excessive sleeping
-sleep or disease related
-can be related to depression
sleep apnea
-periodic loss of breathing for at least 10 seconds during sleep
narcolepsy
-uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day
-chronic disorder caused by brains ineffectiveness in regulating sleep/wake cycles normally
parasomnias
-sleepwalking/talking
-bruxism(clenching of teeth)
-night terrors
-enuresis(urinating involuntary at night)
infection:
when microorganisms capable of producing disease(pathogens) invade the body
Portal of exit can be:
-body fluids
-coughing, sneezing, diarrhea
-wounds
mode of transmission examples:
-contact
-droplet
-airbone
contact transmission
touching, kissing, sex
droplet transmission
sneeze or cough
airbone transmission
airconditioning or sweeping
portals of entry can be:
eyes, nose, mouth, vagina, cuts, wounds, surgical sites, or a bite from a vector
what is a susceptible host?
person with inadequate defenses
incubation stage of infection:
from time of infection until symptoms start
