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Foundations of Nursing > Med Micro Exam 2 > Flashcards

Med Micro Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some growth requirements for microbes?

A

-electrons sources(organic and inorganic compounds)
-carbon sources(autotrophs and heterotrophs)
-energy sources [light(phototrophs) and chemical (chemotrophs)]

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2
Q

What is microbial growth?

A

-increase in population of microbes
-due to reproduction of individual microbes

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3
Q

What are results of microbial growth?

A

-colonies
-biofilms

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4
Q

What elements do most nutrients need to reproduce?

A

-carbon
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-hydrogen

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5
Q

Oxygen and obligate anaerobes relationship:

A

-oxygen is deadly for obligate anaerobes
-toxic forms of oxygen are highly reactive and excellent oxidizing agents
-resulting oxidation causes irrepairable damage to cells

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6
Q

What are the 4 toxic forms of oxygen?

A

-Singlet O2
-superoxide radicals
-peroxide anion
-hydroxyl radical

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7
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

only live in oxygen

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8
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

can’t live in oxygen

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9
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

prefer to live in oxygen but can live without it

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10
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

they don’t give a shit they live all over in both

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11
Q

Nitrogen requirements:

A

-insufficent nitrogen ends anabolism to make amino acids and nucleotides
-nitrogen fixation by certain bacteria is essential to life

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12
Q

Chemical requirements

A

-phosphorus
-sulfur

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13
Q

trace elements:

A

only required in small amounts

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14
Q

Growth factors:

A

necessary organic chemicals that can’t be synthesized by certain organisms.

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15
Q

Temperature:

A

-organisms have an optimal temperature due to protein structure and lipid membranes of cells and organelles

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16
Q

pH ranges:

A

-organisms sensitive to changes in acidity
-H ions interfere with H bonding

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17
Q

Neutrophiles:

A

grows best in narrow range around neutral pH

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18
Q

Acidophiles:

A

grows best in acidic habitats

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19
Q

Obligate acidophiles:

A

-won’t grow if pH is over 7

20
Q

Acid-tolerant organisms:

A

can tolerate low pH

21
Q

Alkalinophiles:

A

live in alkaline soils and waters

22
Q

What do microbes require?

A

they require water to dissolve enzymes and nutrients

23
Q

crenation:

A

disappearance of cytoplasm and death of cell

24
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a cell membrane by a solution containing solutes that can’t freely cross the membrane

25
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

water exerts pressure in proportion to its depth

26
Q

barophiles

A

live under extreme pressure

27
Q

antagonist relationship

A

bacteriophage and bacteria

28
Q

synergistic relationship

A

when organisms team up to create a disease that one couldn’t do on its own
-biofilm

29
Q

biofilms

A

-complex relationships among numerous microorganisms
-many microorganisms are more harmful as part of biofilm

30
Q

quorum sensing:

A

-microbes excrete a compound
-when the compound is high in density, the other cells know other similar microbes are nearby

31
Q

biofilm formation

A
  1. free living bacteria in environment
  2. settlement and attachment
  3. formation of EPS
  4. cell communication and division of labor
  5. new cells arrive , water channels form in biofilm
32
Q

defined media

A

concentrations of chemicals are known

33
Q

complex media

A

chemical composition are unknown
-nutrients are derived from yeast, soy, beef
-supports growth of wide variety
-good when nutritional needs of microbe is unknown

34
Q

what does an enzyme bind to?

A

substrate, very specific

35
Q

genotype:

A

set of genes in the genome (y, Y)

36
Q

phenotype:

A

physical features of the organism (yellow)

37
Q

What is the result of transcription?

A

mRNA

38
Q

Central Dogma

A

theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction

39
Q

3 stages of transcription

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
40
Q

Operon

A

promotor, operator and a series of genes

41
Q

Operator

A

regulatory element

42
Q

mutation:

A

change in nucleotide sequence of genome
it is rare and hereditable

43
Q

point mutation:

A

one base pair is affected

44
Q

gross mutations

A

includes inversions, duplications, transpositions

45
Q

ionizing radiation

A

energize electrons to leave atoms

46
Q

nonionizing radiation

A

does not energize electrons

Foundations of Nursing (3 decks)

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