nursing care of toddlers & preschoolers Flashcards
toddlers/preschoolers
rapid infancy growth subsides
growth in ht
3 inches/year
wt gain
4-6 pounds/year
bmi growth charts recommended after
2 years
chest circumference exceeds head circumference by
toddler years
age group also has “pot bellied”
lumbar lordosis
health promotion categories
nutrition & dental health unintentional injuries sleep toilet learning play gender identity language temperament & parenting
nutrition:
canada's food guide eat 5-7x day nutritious snacks watch for large intakes of juice or milk assessing diet offering new foods
physiological anorexia
18 months; their physiological needs decrease and therefore appetite goes down (bc theyre not growing as much)
nutritional status of preschoolers
canadian community health survey
influencing factors for nutritional status of preschoolers
physical growth
food and nutrient intake
factors affecting intake and eating behaviour
physical activity
NutriSTEP
Nutritional screening tool (for) every preschooler
NutriSTEP TBDHU Results
risk growth and physical activity specific food group consumption fast food food insecurity decision making selected recommendations
NutriSTEP Qs…
my child usually eats.... "gains/milks" fast food feeds his/her self is not hungry at mealtimes i let my child decide how much to eat my child usually watches TV while eating
approx how much food from each food group per year of age
1 T
ie. 3 year old: 3T veg, 3T meat, etc
dental health
scrub method (parent stands behind child)
replace toothbrush every 3 mo
low cariogenic (sugar/starches) diet
aged cheeses/sugarless gum
first dental visit by age 2 and a “happy” visit
orthodontic visit:
recommended every child see orthodontist by age 7
kids cannot brush teeth by themselves well enough until approx
age 8
unintentional injury
leading cause of death age 1-14
most common fatal injuries to children in canada
downing
MVAs
suffocation, often from choking (or crib/grabbing blinds)
more children in a family means
increased unintentional injuries
toddler curiosity overrides self discipline
18 mo
primary prevention based on
child development & planned safety procedures key to reduced mortality and morbidity (ie. car seats, life jackets, locking away substances, water temp in house lowered, transfer to bed once they can crawl over crib rail)
sleep hrs toddlers
12 hours
sleep hrs preschool
10 hrs (nap time tends to go away between these two ages)
sleep in general
routines important; incorporate development
CNS immature (reason for more nightmares and terror)
vulnerable to nightmares and terrors
night lights: advantages and risks
co-sleeping
not recommended when choking risk but after depending on parenting style and child needs
night lights are ok when
not on all the time and are not very bright (have in hallway even), provides comfort
night lights risk
myopia (nearsightedness) if left on too long or are too bright
toilet learning by max age
4
sex differences in toilet learning
girls; 2-2.5 yrs
boys; 3-3.5 yrs
signs of TT readiness
pulls pants up and down
cognitively understands
no new transitions * (could regress)
TT in general
in summer!
many approaches and resources
signs to stop TT and restart later
if after a few weeks the child shows no interest, stop and try in a few months; generally have to be able to stay dry for 2 hrs during the day to be successful
enuresis
- passing of urine during the daytime
- not the same as “accidents”; will sit in it, no recognition of what’s happened
-sign of psychological cause/home reason
(encopresis = same thing but with stool)
night terrors
wont remember in AM
dont wake up, just make sure theyre safe
first half of sleep; first 4 hours ish
nightmares
will remember it
crying, will recognize you
2nd half of sleep
sleep walkers
runs in families
watch for safety
gender identity
“i am a boy(girl)”
generally occurs by age 4, but its not really a fixed identity
play
work of children
stages of play
- solitary (infancy)
- parallel (toddlers)
- associate play (playing house, more dramatic play)
- cooperative (school-aged, has rules)
reading
begins for pleasure around age 8/grade 3 (not just reading the words)
types of play
- fluid (sand/rice tables)
- dramatic (act out roles, dress up)
- rough & tumble (reduces aggression, just having fun; its not serious and yet parents tend to discourage it)
