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NURS 2036 > Nursing as a Science and Philosophy > Flashcards

Nursing as a Science and Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a profession?

A

Learned vocation or occupation that has a status of superiority and precedence within a division of work

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2
Q

What are the 8 Characteristics of a Profession?

A
  • Defined and specialized knowledge base
  • Control and authority over training and education
  • Credentialing system or registration to ensure competence
  • Altruistic service to society
  • Code of ethics (CNA)
  • Formal training within institutions of higher education
  • Lengthy socialization to the profession
  • Autonomy (control of professional activities)
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3
Q

Is nursing a profession?

A

Nursing can be considered an evolving profession

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4
Q

What is an Occupation?

A

A job or career. Your main way of earning money.

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5
Q

What is an Academic Discipline?

A

A branch of knowledge ordered through the theories and methods evolving from more than one worldview of the phenomenon of concern

  • A field of inquiry
  • A branch of educational instruction or department of learning or knowledge
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6
Q

Disciplines are Organized by…

A

Structure and Tradition

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7
Q

Structure provides what for disciplines?

A

Organization and determines the amount, relationship, and ratio of each type of knowledge that comprises the discipline

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8
Q

Tradition provides what for disciplines?

A

The content, which includes ethical, personal, esthetic, and scientific knowledge

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9
Q

6 Characteristics of Disciplines include:

A
  • A distinct perspective and syntax
  • Determination of what phenomena are of interest
  • Determination of the context in which the phenomena are viewed
  • Determination of what questions to ask
  • Determination of what methods of study are used
  • Determination of what evidence is proof
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10
Q

What kind of discipline aims to know, has more descriptive theories in nature, and has both basic and applied knowledge?

A

Academic Discipline

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11
Q

What kind of discipline is more practical in nature, and has research that tends to be more prescriptive and descriptive?

A

Professional Discipline

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12
Q

What kind of discipline is nursing?

A

Professional Discipline

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13
Q

Areas that Identify Nursing as a Distinct Discipline include:

A
  • Nursing has an identifiable philosophy
  • Nursing has at least one conceptual framework
  • Nursing has acceptable methodologies for the development of knowledge
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14
Q

Science

A

Causality to understand reality through observation, verifiability, and experience
- Hypothesis testing, experimentation as methods

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15
Q

Philosophy

A

Concern with the purpose of human life, the nature of being and reality, and the theory and limits to knowledge.
- Intuition, introspection, reasoning as methods

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16
Q

What is the goal of Science and Philosophy?

A

They share a common goal of increasing knowledge.
- The science of any discipline is tied to its philosophy

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17
Q

Who is considered the father of modern philosophy?

A

Rene Descartes

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18
Q

Which early philosopher was a rationalist?

A

Rene Descartes

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19
Q

What did Rene Descartes believe?

A

He believed that sensations were not the basis for all knowledge, so he developed a more scientific knowledge to achieve the truth

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20
Q

What is a rationalist?

A

Rationalists believe that reason is superior to experience as a source of knowledge. They attempt to determine the nature of the world and reality by deduction and stress the importance of mathematical procedures.

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21
Q

Cartesian Doubt states that… Which philosopher had the mindset of cartesian doubt? What does cartesian doubt state?

A

To find the truth one must doubt everything. However, it is in doubting that we can prove our existence. If we did not exist, we could not doubt.

This was the mindset of Rene Descartes

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22
Q

What is an empiricist?

A

Like rationalists, they support experimentation and scientific methods for solving problems

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23
Q

Which philosopher was an empiricist?

A

Francis Bacon

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24
Q

Who said: “I think. Therefore I am”

A

Rene Descartes

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25
Q

Who said: The only thing that I know, is that I know nothing.

A

Rene Descartes

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26
Q

Who set the foundations for many later developments in philosophy?

A

Immanuel Kant

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27
Q

Who believed that knowledge is relative and that the mind plays an active role in knowing?

A

Immanuel Kant

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28
Q

A Priori is

A

Knowledge without experience

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29
Q

A Posteriori is

A

Knowledge that arises from experience

30
Q

The central philosophical concept of Immanuel Kant is…

A

The categorical imperative

31
Q

What is the Categorical Imperative?

A

Commands or moral laws that all persons must follow, regardless of their desires or extenuating circumstances

32
Q

Who said: Do the right thing because it is right

A

Immanuel Kant

33
Q

Who said: Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life

A

Immanuel Kant

34
Q

Metaphysics

A

The study of the fundamental nature of reality and existence
- General theory of reality

35
Q

Epistemology

A

The study of knowledge
-Ways of knowing, Nature of truth, Relationship between knowledge and belief

36
Q

Ontology

A

The study of the theory of being
-What is or what exists

37
Q

Cosmology

A

The study of the physical universe

38
Q

Logic

A

Study of principles and methods of reasoning
- Inference and argument

39
Q

Ethics

A

Study of nature of values; right and wrong
- Moral philosophy

40
Q

Esthetics

A

Study of appreciation of the arts or things beautiful

41
Q

Philosophy of Science

A

Study of science and scientific pratice

42
Q

Political Philosophy

A

Study of citizen and state

43
Q

What is Nursing Philosophy?
(Epistomology) What does it refer to? How does it apply to nursing?

A

A statement of foundational and universal assumptions, beliefs and principles about the nature of knowledge and thought (epistemology) and about the nature of the entities represented in the metaparadigm.

It refers to the worldview of the profession and provides perspectives for practice, scholarship and research.

Nursing can be considered a multi-paradigm discipline, in which using multiple perspectives/worldviews in a unified way is valuable and even necessary for knowledge development

44
Q

What is Nursing Science? What does it give rise to?

A

The substantive, discipline-specific knowledge that focuses on the human-universe-health process articulated in the nursing framework and theories

Gives rise to methodological processes used to develop and apply substantive nursing knowledge and provides the knowledge for all aspects of nursing

45
Q

What is the Goal of Nursing Science?

A

The goal of nursing science is to represent the nature of nursing - to understand it, to explain it, and to use it for the benefit of humankind. It is to develop and apply the discipline-specific knowledge, and recognize the relationships of human responses in health and illness and addresses biologic, behavioral, social and cultural domains.

46
Q

The study of the origins of nursing knowledge, its structure and its methods, the patterns of knowing of its members, and the criteria for validating its knowledge claims

A

Nursing epistemology

47
Q

What did Carper contribute to Nursing Epistemology?

A

Carper identified 4 fundamental patterns for nursing knowledge: empirics, esthetics, personal, ethics

48
Q

The science of Nursing.

Draws on traditional ideas that can be verified through observation and proved through hypothesis testing.

A
  1. Empirical Knowledge
49
Q

The art of Nursing.

Involves sensing the meaning of a moment, having empathy, interactions of a nurse in response to another

A
  1. Esthetic Knowledge
50
Q

Refers to the way in which nurses view themselves and the client. Knowing what impact the nurse will have.

A
  1. Personal Knowledge
51
Q

Moral Knowledge in Nursing

Refers to the moral code for nursing and is based on the obligation to service and respect for human life.

Need of obligation, carrying out what must be done

A
  1. Ethical Knowledge
52
Q

What did Shultz and Meleis contribute to Nursing Epistemology?

A

They concluded that Carper’s work did not incorporate practical knowledge into the ways of knowing of nursing.

They described 3 patterns of knowledge: Clinical knowledge, Conceptual knowledge, empirical knowledge

53
Q

Refers to the individual nurse’s personal knowledge. Results from using multiple ways of knowing while solving problems during client care provision. It is manifested in the act of practicing nursing.

Communicated retrospectively through publication in journals

A

Clinical Knowledge

54
Q

Abstracted and generalized beyond personal experience. Patterns revealed in multiple client experiences which occur in multiple situations articulated in models and theories. Uses knowledge from nursing and other disciplines- involves the use of curiosity, imagination, persistence, commitment.

A

Conceptual Knowledge

55
Q

Results from experimental, historical, phenomenological research and is used to justify actions and procedures in practice. Evaluated through systematic review.

A

Empirical Knowledge

56
Q

What did Chinn and Kramer contribute to Nursing Epistemology?

A

They expanded on Carper’s patterns of knowing to include Emancipatory knowing

57
Q

Designated as the praxis of nursing, refers to human’s ability to critically examine the current status quo and to determine why it currently exists. Expressed in actions that are directed toward changing existing social structures and establishing practices that are more favorable to human health and well-being.

A

Emancipatory Knowing

58
Q

Who proposed that the human sciences require concepts, methods, and theories that are fundamentally different from natural sciences?

A

Wilhelm Dilthey

59
Q

Nursing as a human science consists of…

A
  • Descriptive theories regarding the structures, processes, relationships.
  • Value the subjective component of knowledge.
  • Produces descriptions and interpretations to help understand the nature of human experiences.
60
Q

Involves incorporating obersvation/description, accurte measurement, quantification of variables, mathematical and statistical analysis, experimental methods, and verification through replication whenever possible.

A

Quantitative methodology

61
Q

Grounded in the social sciences. Incorporates means for determining interpretation of the phenomena of concern from the perspective of the client or care recipient. Many nurse scientists believe that qualitative inquiry contains features of good science including theory and observation, logic, precision, clarity, and reproducibility.

A

Qualitative methodology

62
Q

Both quantitative and qualitative studies have strengths and weaknesses. It can be considered that the methods are complimentary and both essential for nursing science development

Nursing scholars accept the premise that scientific knowledge is generated from systematic study.

A

Methodologic pluralism

63
Q

What did Karl Popper contribute to the study of knowledge in nursing?

A

Used 3 world to attempt to explain metaphysics …or what is really REAL about reality …

64
Q

What did Karl Popper’s world’s of knowledge help to establish?

A

The philosophy of science within the study of philosophy. A philosophy of science attempts to uncover knowledge and truth about science in to itself

It is not about what science discovers, it is about the structure of thinking in the discipline.

65
Q

Physical
Created by nature
Geography
Humans and Animals
5 senses
disciplines exist (such as medicine, experimentation, etc)

A

World 1

66
Q

Mental Processes
The act of Learning creates this world
Philosophy exists in this world.

A

World 2

67
Q
  • Socially constructed (created by humans)
  • Products of thought in another world
  • This world can cause unintentional changes in other worlds
  • Learning also changes world 2.
  • Brings more meaning to the other worlds
A

World 3

68
Q
  • Reality/truth considered separate from context
  • Objective
  • Prediction and Control
  • Deductive
  • One Truth
  • Quantitative research methods

Example of world 1

A

Received Worldview

69
Q
  • Reality/truth considered in context
  • Subjective
  • Description and understanding
  • Inductive
  • Multiple truths
  • Qualitative research methods

Example of world 3

A

Perceived worldview

70
Q

-Macroanalysis
- Contextual meaning/narration
- Reality/truths/facts considered with regard to history
- Metanarrative analysis
- Different views
- Uncovering opposing views
- Macrorelationship/Microstructures
- Methodologic pluralism methods

Example for world 2

A

Postmodern worldview

NURS 2036 (5 decks)

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