NURSING AND THEORISTS Flashcards
1
Q
According to Virginia Henderson, it is the act of assisting clients (sick or well) in the performance of activities contributing to health, its recovery or peaceful death that clients will perform unaided if they had the necessary will, strength or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
A
NURSING
2
Q
It is an art of caring of sick & well individuals. The art of nursing comes in as a nurse independently does his or her job. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick & well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves the application of knowledge in the service of people.
A
NURSING AS AN ART
3
Q
It is the “body of knowledge” arrived through scientific research & logical analysis. It is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health.
A
NURSING AS A SCIENCE
4
Q
It is a vocation – a calling in which its members profess to have acquired special knowledge by training or experience. Nurses provide selfless service and adhere to the mantra of “Doing no harm”
A
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
5
Q
What are the themes that associated with the definition of nursing
A
ART, SCIENCE, PROFESSION, CLIENT-CENTERED, HOLISTIC, ADAPTIVE, HEALTH PROMOTION, HEALTH MAINTENANCE, HEALTH RESTORATION, HELPING PROFESSION
6
Q
Who are the recipients of nursing
A
CONSUMER, PATIENT, CLIENT
7
Q
A person who utilizes health care products or services
A
CONSUMER
8
Q
A person who is undergoing medical treatment and care. It comes from the Latin word meaning “to suffer” or “to bear”. People become patients when they seek assistance due to illness/disease or for surgery.
A
PATIENT
9
Q
A person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide this service. The term client presents the receivers of health care as collaborators in the care. These people are also responsible for their own health.
A
CLIENT
10
Q
What are the scopes of nursing
A
PROMOTING HEALTH, PREVENTING ILLNESS, RESTORING HEALTH, CARING OF THE DYING
11
Q
What are the dimensions of nursing
A
NURSING PRACTICE, NURSING EDUCATION, NURSING RESEARCH
12
Q
Philippine nursing act of 2002
A
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9173
13
Q
What are the different roles and functions of nurses?
A
CAREGIVER, COMMUNICATOR, EDUCATOR, CLIENT ADVOCATE, COUNSELOR, CHANGE AGENT, LEADER, MANAGER
14
Q
It encompasses the physical, psychosocial, developmental, cultural & spiritual levels. The Nursing process provide the Nurses framework in providing client care.
A
CAREGIVER
15
Q
It is an integral part to all nursing roles. In this role, nurses identify the problems of a client and address these verbally or in writing to other members of the health care team. This role is an important factor in nursing care.
A
COMMUNICATOR
16
Q
In this role, the nurse helps the clients learn about their health and the health care procedures that they need to perform to restore and maintain their health by providing them the appropriate health teachings and health education.
A
EDUCATOR
17
Q
They acts to protect the client. In this role the nurse may represent the clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves.
A
CLIENT ADVOCATE
18
Q
Helps client recognize and cope with stressful psychological and social problems, develop interpersonal relationships, and promote personal growth.
A
COUNSELOR
19
Q
Nurses are continually coping up with changes in the health care system
A
CHANGE AGENT
20
Q
A nurse influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal.
A
LEADER
21
Q
A nurse ______ delegates nursing activities to ancillary workers and other nurses and supervises and evaluates them.
A
MANAGER
22
Q
What are the expander roles of nurses?
A
NURSE PRACTITIONER, CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST, NURSE ANESTHETIST, NURSE MIDWIFE, NURSE RESEARCHER, NURSE ADMINISTRATOR, NURSE EDUCATOR, NURSE ENTREPRENEUR
23
Q
A nurse who has an advanced education
A
NURSE PRACTITIONER
24
Q
A nurse who has an advanced degree or expertise and is considered to be an expert in a specialized area of practice. (e.g., ICU, Emergency, Gerontology, Oncology, OR, etc.)
A
CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST
25
A nurse who has completed advanced education in an accredited program in anesthesiology.
NURSE ANESTHETIST
26
He/she gives prenatal and postnatal care and manages deliveries in normal pregnancies
NURSE MIDWIFE
27
They investigate nursing problems to improve nursing care and to refine and expand nursing knowledge.
NURSE RESEARCHER
28
They manages client care, including delivery of nursing services. The functions include budgeting, staffing, and planning programs
NURSE ADMINISTRATOR
29
They are employed in nursing programs where they mentor student nurses for classroom and clinical teaching.
NURSE EDUCATOR
30
A nurse who usually has an advanced degree and manages a health-related business.
NURSE ENTREPRENEUR
31
An occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special skills, knowledge and attitudes
CRITERIA OF PROFESSION
32
What are the 6 attributes of a profession
```
SPECIALIZED EDUCATION
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
CODE OF ETHICS
SERVICE ORIENTTION
AUTONOMY
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
```
33
It is a process where a person learns the ways and means or knowledge, skills or attitudes of the group to which he belongs to.
SOCIALIZATION TO NURSING
34
Patricia Benner's stages of nursing expertise
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NOVICE
ADVANCE
COMPETENT
PROFICIENT
EXPERT
```
35
student nurse entering a clinical setting where he has no experience at all.
NOVICE
36
nurse who demonstrates a marginally acceptable performance: depends on rules and maxims.
ADVANCE
37
2 or 3 years of experience demonstrates organizational ability but lacks speed and flexibility of a proficient nurse.
COMPETENT
38
concerned with long term goals, performance is fluid and flexible compared to competent nurse
has a holistic view of the client
PROFICIENT
39
no longer relies on maxims, performance is highly proficient, fluid flexible and has a holistic view.
has high perceptual acuity or a clinical eye.
EXPERT
40
Earliest hospitals in the Philippines
```
HOSPITAL REAL DE MANILA (1577)
SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578)
HOSPITAL DE INDIOS (1586)
HOSPITAL DE AGUAS SANTAS (1590)
SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL (1596)
```
41
it was established mainly to care for the Spanish king’s soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; it was founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande.
HOSPITAL REAL DE MANILA (1577)
42
founded by Brother Juan Clemente and built exclusively for patients with leprosy. In the present time, SLH is a tertiary health facility for Communicable Diseases.
SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578)
43
established by the Franciscan Order; service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons.
HOSPITAL DE INDIOS (1586)
44
established in Laguna. It was founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order.
HOSPITAL DE AGUAS SANTAS (1590)
45
founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia. The support was delivered from alms and rents; it rendered general health service to the public.
SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL (1596)
46
Who are the following people pioneered the works of Nursing during the Philippines Revolution
- JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
- ROSA SEVILLA DE ALVERO
- DONA HILARIA DE AGUINALDO
- DONA MARIA AGONCILLO DE AGUINALDO
- MELCHORA AQUINO
- CAPITAN SALOME
- AGUEDA KAHABAGAN
47
wife of Jose Rizal, installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros. She provided nursing care to the wounded night and day.
JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
48
converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers; during the Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899.
ROSA SEVILLA DE ALVERO
49
wife of Emilio Aguinaldo who organized that Filipino Red Cross.
DONA HILARIA DE AGUINALDO
50
second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution, President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.
DONA MARIA AGONCILLO DE AGUINALDO
51
nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food.
MELCHORA AQUINO
52
a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat.
CAPITAN SALOME
53
revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troops.
AGUEDA KAHABAGAN
54
According to Kozier & Erb’s (2007), a theory has been defined as a supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon. Theories are used to describe, predict, and control phenomena.
THEORY
55
often called as the building blocks of theories.
CONCEPTS
56
is a group of related ideas, statements or concepts. Freud’s structure of the mind (id, ego, superego) could be considered a conceptual framework.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
57
broad range of relationships among the concepts of discipline (Fitzpatrick & Whall, 2005).
GRAND THEORY
58
refers to the pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world.
PARADIGM
59
It is collectively referred to as ______ because the four concepts can be superimposed on almost any work in nursing
METAPARADIGM FOR NURSING
60
what are the four major concepts in theoretical work in Nursing
PERSON
ENVIRONMENT
HEALTH
NURSING
61
It is the recipient of care (includes INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, GROUPS & COMMUNITIES)
PERSON OR CLIENT
62
It is the internal and external surroundings that affect the client. This can be the physical environment such as families, friends & significant others.
ENVIRONMENT
63
It is defined as the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences.
HEALTH
64
It is the attributes, characteristics, and actions of nurse in providing care to the client.
NURSING
65
Who is the founder of modern Nursing?
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
66
She was also known as Lady with the lamp
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
67
She proposed the environmental theory
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
68
It is the manipulation of the physical environment as the major component of nursing care
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
69
Concerns of environmental theory includes
- PROPER VENTILATION
- LIGHT
- CLEANLINESS
- WARMTH
- DIET AND QUIET ENVIRONMENT
- UNNECESSARY NOISE
- DIETARY INTAKE
- PETTY MANAGEMENT
70
She categorized Nursing activities into 14 components, based on human needs.
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
71
what is the definition of nursing based from Virginia Henderson
TO ASSIST AN INDIVIDUAL (SIC OR HEALTHY) IN PERFORMING ACTIVITIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HEALTH OR RECOVERY.
72
what components does Physiologic and safety needs are part of
COMPONENTS 1-9
73
What components does psychological aspects of communicating and learning are part of
COMPONENTS 10 & 14
74
What components does spiritual and moral are part of
COMPONENT 11
75
What components does sociologically oriented to occupation and recreation are part of
COMPONENTS 12 & 13
76
She proposed the typology of twenty-one nursing problems
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
77
It refers to a nursing diagnosis during a time in which nurses were taught that diagnoses were not part of their role in health care.
TYPOLOGY OF TWENTY-ONE NURSING PROBLEMS
78
14 components
1. breathe normally
2. eat and drink adequately
3. eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment
8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and protect the integument 9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions
11. Worship according to one’s faith.
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities
79
typology of 21 nursing problems
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort
2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep
3. To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury, or other trauma and through prevention of the spread of infection
4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformity
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells 6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition for all body cells
7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease conditions—pathologic, physiologic, and compensatory
10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal communication
15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals 17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment 18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs
19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and emotional
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems that arise from illness
21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of illness
80
she introduced the self-care deficit theory
DOROTHEA OREM
81
there are 4 concepts in self-care deficit theory what are they
- SELF-CARE
- SELF-CARE AGENCY
- SELF-CARE REQUISITES
- THERAPEUTIC SELF-CARE DEMAND
82
It is the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being
SELF-CARE
83
It is the human’s ability or power to engage in self-care
SELF-CARE AGENCY
84
It consists of 2 agents in self-care agency and what are those
- SELF-CARE AGENT (an individual who performs self-care independently)
- DEPENDENT CARE AGENT (a person other than the individual provides the care.)
85
It is also called self-care needs, are measures or actions taken to provide self-care
SELF-CARE REQUISITES
86
There re three categories in self-care requisites what are those
- UNIVERSAL REQUISITES
- DEVELOPMENTAL REQUISITES
- HEALTH DEVIATION REQUISITES
87
It refers to all self-care activities required to meet existing self-care requisites or actions to maintain health and wellbeing.
THERAPEUTIC SELF-CARE DEAMAND
88
It is impaired ability to perform or complete activities of daily living for oneself, such as feeding, dressing, bathing, toileting. It results when self-care agency is not adequate to meet known self-care demand.
SELF-CARE DEFICIT
89
What are the theory of nursing system
- WHOLLY COMPENSATORY SYSTEM
- PARTLY COMPENSATORY SYSTEM
- SUPPORTIVE EDUCATIVE SYSTEMS
90
It is required for individuals who are unable to control and monitor their environment and process information.
WHOLLY COMPENSATORY SYSTEM
91
It is designed for individuals who unable to perform some, but not all, self-care activities.
PARTLY COMPENSATORY SYSTEM
92
It is designed for persons who need to learn to perform self-care measures and need assistance to do so
SUPPORTIVE EDUCATIVE SYSTEMS
93
She introduced the unitary human being theory
MARTHA ROGERS
94
What does unitary human being theory means
The theory views nursing as both a science and an art. It provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe. The unitary human being and his or her environment are one. Nursing focuses on people and the manifestations that emerge from the mutual human environmental field process.
95
what are the 5 assumptions about human beings
1. Man is a unified whole – whole not equal to sum of parts.
2. Individual and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy.
3. Lifecycle evolves irreversibly and uni-directionally along space and time continuum.
4. Life patterns identify individuals.
5. Humans have the capacity for absorption and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion
96
She introduced the goal attainment theory
IMOGENE KING
97
What is goal attainment theory
✓ The nurse and patient mutually communicate, establish goals and take action to attain goals.
✓ Humans are open systems in constant interaction with their environment.
✓ Nursing focus: human interact with the environment. - Nursing Goal: humanistic maintenance of individuals and groups. - Interacting components are personal, interpersonal, social.
✓ Elements: interaction, communication, transaction role, stress.
98
She introduced the behavioral system model
DOROTHY JOHNSON
99
Man subsystem
- Behavioral subsystem: addressed by nursing intervention.
| - Biological subsystem: addressed by medical intervention.
100
what are the goals of nursing
a. demonstrate behavior commensurate to social demands. b. modify behavior to support biological needs. c. benefit from physician’s skill and knowledge. d. demonstrate behavior that does not give evidence of unnecessary trauma.
101
Nursing focus
behavior modification to foster equilibrium.
102
she introduced the interpersonal relationship in nursing
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
103
What are the phase of nurse-patient relationship
- ORIENTATION
- IDENTIFICATION
- EXPLOITATION
- RESOLUTION
104
The client seeks and the nurse assists the client to understand the problem and the extent of the need for help.
ORIENTATION
105
selective response of the client to those who can meet his needs; affected by client’s belief.
IDENTIFICATION
106
client takes control of the situation by extracting help from nurse.
EXPLOITATION
107
evaluation of care and discharge of client.
RESOLUTION
108
She introduced the philosophy and science of human caring
JEAN WATSON
109
What are the 10 creative factors
✓ Formation of a Humanistic-altruistic system of values;
✓ Instilling Faith-Hope; ✓ Cultivating a sensitivity to self and others;
✓ Developing a helping-trust relationship;
✓ Promoting an expression of feelings;
✓ Using problem-solving for decision-making;
✓ Promoting teaching-learning;
✓ Promoting a supportive environment;
✓ Assisting with gratification of human needs; and
✓ Allowing for existential-phenomenological forces.
110
she introduced the deliberative nursing process theory
IDA JEAN ORLANDO
111
what is deliberative nursing process theory
allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan that can also be easily adapted when and if any complexity comes up with the patient
112
transcultural theory was introduced by
MADELEINE LEININGER
113
Madeleine Leininger defines nursing as
a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to achieve optimal health.
114
it consists of the values, beliefs, systems of language, communication, and practices that a group of people share with.
CULTURE
115
In order for nurses to assist people of diverse cultures, Leininger presents three intervention modes:
- Culture care preservation and maintenance
- Culture care accommodation, negotiation, or both
- Culture care restructuring and repatterning
116
Health care system model was introduced by
BETTY NEUMAN
117
How did Betty Neuman developed this model?
She developed this model based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature. Reconstitution is the state of adaptation to stress.
118
According to her, a person is an open system that consists of a basic structure or central core of energy resources such as:
Physiological variable Psychological variable Sociocultural variable Developmental variable Spiritual variable
119
Physiological variable pertains to
the structure and functions of the body
120
Psychological variable pertains to
mental processes and relationships. Sociocultural variable which pertains
121
Sociocultural variable pertains to
social and cultural expectations and activities.
122
Developmental variable pertains to
those processes related to development over the lifespan.
123
Spiritual variable which pertains to
the influence of spiritual beliefs.
124
She introduced the goal attainment theory
IMOGENE KING
125
What is goal attainment theory
✓ The nurse and patient mutually communicate, establish goals and take action to attain goals.
✓ Humans are open systems in constant interaction with their environment.
✓ Nursing focus: human interact with the environment. - Nursing Goal: humanistic maintenance of individuals and groups. - Interacting components are personal, interpersonal, social.
✓ Elements: interaction, communication, transaction role, stress.
126
She introduced the behavioral system model
DOROTHY JOHNSON
127
Man subsystem
- Behavioral subsystem: addressed by nursing intervention.
| - Biological subsystem: addressed by medical intervention.
128
what are the goals of nursing
a. demonstrate behavior commensurate to social demands. b. modify behavior to support biological needs. c. benefit from physician’s skill and knowledge. d. demonstrate behavior that does not give evidence of unnecessary trauma.
129
Nursing focus
behavior modification to foster equilibrium.
130
she introduced the interpersonal relationship in nursing
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
131
What are the phase of nurse-patient relationship
- ORIENTATION
- IDENTIFICATION
- EXPLOITATION
- RESOLUTION
132
The client seeks and the nurse assists the client to understand the problem and the extent of the need for help.
ORIENTATION
133
selective response of the client to those who can meet his needs; affected by client’s belief.
IDENTIFICATION
134
client takes control of the situation by extracting help from nurse.
EXPLOITATION
135
evaluation of care and discharge of client.
RESOLUTION
136
She introduced the philosophy and science of human caring
JEAN WATSON
137
What are the 10 creative factors
✓ Formation of a Humanistic-altruistic system of values;
✓ Instilling Faith-Hope; ✓ Cultivating a sensitivity to self and others;
✓ Developing a helping-trust relationship;
✓ Promoting an expression of feelings;
✓ Using problem-solving for decision-making;
✓ Promoting teaching-learning;
✓ Promoting a supportive environment;
✓ Assisting with gratification of human needs; and
✓ Allowing for existential-phenomenological forces.
138
she introduced the deliberative nursing process theory
IDA JEAN ORLANDO
139
what is deliberative nursing process theory
allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan that can also be easily adapted when and if any complexity comes up with the patient
140
transcultural theory was introduced by
MADELEINE LEININGER
141
Madeleine Leininger defines nursing as
a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to achieve optimal health.
142
it consists of the values, beliefs, systems of language, communication, and practices that a group of people share with.
CULTURE
143
In order for nurses to assist people of diverse cultures, Leininger presents three intervention modes:
- Culture care preservation and maintenance
- Culture care accommodation, negotiation, or both
- Culture care restructuring and repatterning
144
Health care system model was introduced by
BETTY NEUMAN
145
How did Betty Neuman developed this model?
She developed this model based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature. Reconstitution is the state of adaptation to stress.
146
According to her, a person is an open system that consists of a basic structure or central core of energy resources such as:
Physiological variable Psychological variable Sociocultural variable Developmental variable Spiritual variable
147
Physiological variable pertains to
the structure and functions of the body
148
Psychological variable pertains to
mental processes and relationships. Sociocultural variable which pertains
149
Sociocultural variable pertains to
social and cultural expectations and activities.
150
Developmental variable pertains to
those processes related to development over the lifespan.
151
Spiritual variable which pertains to
the influence of spiritual beliefs.
152
Neuman caterorizes stressors as
Intrapersonal stressors Interpersonal stressors Extra personal stressors
153
Intrapersonal stressors
occur within the individual (e.g. a disease, an infection)
154
Interpersonal stressors
occur between individuals (e.g. unrealistic role expectations)
155
Extra personal stressors
occur outside the person (e.g. financial constraints)
156
The holistic view of the client system is associated with an open system. Health and illness are presented on a continuum:
o Toward Health is described as negentropic o Toward Illness is entropic.
157
Adaptation model of nursing was introduced by
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
158
Roy (1997) defines adaptation as
the process and outcome whereby the thinking and feeling person uses conscious awareness and choice to create human & environmental integration
159
what is the goal of callista roy model?
is to enhance life processes through adaptation in four adaptive modes
160
what are the 4 adaptive modes
- PHYSIOLOGIC MODE
- SELF-CONCEPT MODE
- ROLE FUNCTION
- INTERDEPENDENCE MODE
161
What does physiologic mode mean?
```
It involves the body’s basic physiologic needs and ways of adapting with regard to:
o Fluid & electrolytes
o Activity & Rest
o Circulation & Oxygen
o Nutrition & Elimination
o Protection
o The Senses
o Neurologic
o Endocrine Function
```
162
what does self-concept mode mean?
It has two components: Physical Self which involves sensation & image. The other one is the Personal Self which involves self-ideal, self-consistency, and the moral-ethical self.
163
role function refers to?
the duties based on given positions within society.
164
interdependence mode refers to
one’s relations with significant others and support systems.
165
she introduced the theory of human becoming
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
166
Parse's model of human becoming emphasizes what?
emphasizes how individuals choose and bear responsibility for patterns of personal health
