LEGAL ASPECTS IN NURSING Flashcards
1
Q
It is an agreement by which a patient/client to accept a course of treatment or a procedure.
A
INFORMED CONSENT
2
Q
What are the two types of informed consent?
A
- EXPRESS
- IMPLIED
3
Q
It may be either oral or written agreement. The more the invasive the procedure, the more it requires written permission.
A
EXPRESS
4
Q
It is when an individual’s nonverbal behavior indicates agreement. For example, when an individual position their bodies for an injection or when they cooperate when taking vital signs.
A
IMPLIED
5
Q
What are the elements of an informed consent
A
o Voluntary
o Informed
o Competent
o Signature
6
Q
what are the areas of potential liability in nursing?
A
- CRIME
- MISDEMEANOR
- TORT
7
Q
It is an act committed that violates the public law and can be punished by a fine or imprisonment
A
CRIME
8
Q
What are the two classification of crime
A
FELONIES
MANSLAUGHTER
9
Q
what is felonies
A
a crime of serious nature, e.g. Murder.
10
Q
what is manslaughter
A
second-degree murder
11
Q
it is an offense of a less serious in nature but can be punished by a fine or short-term jail sentence or both, e.g. When a Nurse slaps a patient/client’s face.
A
MISDEMEANOR
12
Q
It is a civil wrong that is committed against a person or person’s property.
A
TORT
13
Q
What are the two classification of tort
A
UNINTENTIONAL
INTENTIONAL
14
Q
do not require intent but do not require the element of harm
A
UNINTENTIONAL TORT
15
Q
What are the two types of unintentional tort?
A
- NEGLIGENCE
- MALPRACTICE
16
Q
define negligence
A
The failure to meet a standard of behavior that caused harm or injury to others.
17
Q
define malpractice
A
“professional negligence”, a negligence occurred while the person was performing as a professional. This includes six elements:
18
Q
what are the 6 elements
A
- DUTY
- BREACH DUTY
- FORESEEABILITY
- CAUSATIONS
- HARM OR INJURY
- DAMAGES
19
Q
The wrongful acts done on a purpose
A
INTENTIONAL TORT
20
Q
What are the five types of intentional tort?
A
- ASSAULT
- BATTERY
- FALSE IMPRISONMENT
- INVASION OF PRIVACY
- DEFAMATION
21
Q
Define assault
A
an attempt or threat to touch another person
22
Q
Define battery
A
willful touching of a person that may or may not cause harm.
23
Q
define false imprisonment
A
“unjustifiable detention of a person without warrant to confine the person” (Guido, 2006).
24
Q
defamation
A
libel and slander
25
what is libel
a defamation by means of writing, print, or pictures.
26
what is slander
a defamation by spoken word or false word by which a reputation is damaged.
27
morality and ethics
- ETHICS
- MORALITY
- BIOETHICS
- NURSING ETHICS
28
What is ethics
a discipline that is concerned with what is morally right & wrong.
29
What is morality
personal standards of what is right and wrong in conduct, character and attitude.
30
What is bioethics
ethics that are applied to human life or health.
31
What is nursing ethics
ethics applied to nursing practice.
32
What are the seven moral principle in nursing ethics
- AUTONOMY
- NONMALEFICENCE
- BENEFICENCE
- JUSTICE
- FIDELITY
- VERACITY
- ACCOUNTABILITY
* RESPONSIBILITY
33
Autonomy refers to
right to make one’s own decisions.
34
Nonmaleficence is
a duty to “do no harm”
35
Beneficence means
“doing good”.
36
Justice refers to
fairness
37
Fidelity means
being faithful to agreements and promises.
38
Veracity refers to
telling the truth
39
Accountability means
answerable to oneself and others for one’s own actions
40
Responsibility refers to
the specific accountability or liability associated with the performance of duties of a particular role
41
FREE
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
42
According Miller-Keane (1987), it is an organized plan of health services.
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
43
According to Williams-Tungpalan (1981), it is a network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
44
Philippine health care delivery system classified as
- PUBLIC
| - PRIVATE
45
It is financed through tax-based system from the government
PUBLIC
46
Two types of public health care delivery system
- NATIONAL [DOH (Regional Hospitals, Medical Centers, DOH representatives, etc.) ]
- LOCAL [ LGU (Provincial & District Hospitals, RHUs, Barangay Health Stations, etc.) ]
47
It is run by individuals & companies
PRIVATE
48
Two types of private health care delivery system
- PROFIT (private hospitals, clinics)
| - NON-PROFIT (organizations, foundations)
49
What are the levels of disease of disease prevention (WONCA 2003)
- PRIMARY PREVENTION
- SECONDARY PREVENTION
- TERTIARY PREVENTION
- QUATERNARY PREVENTION
50
It is an action taken to avoid or remove the cause of a health problem in an individual or a population before it arises
PRIMARY PREVENTION
- health promotion
- specific protection (e.g. immunization)
51
It is an action taken to detect a health problem at an early stage in an individual or a population, thereby facilitating a cure or reducing or preventing it spreading or long-term effects.
SECONDARY PREVENTION
| -e.g. screening, case finding, early diagnosis
52
It is an action taken to reduce the chronic effects of a health problem in an individual or a population by minimizing the functional impairment consequent to the acute or chronic health problem
TERTIARY PREVENTION
| -e.g. rehabilitation
53
It is an action taken to protect individuals (persons/patients) from medical interventions that are likely to cause more harm than good.
QUATERNARY PREVENTION
54
It is the proper channeling of health services.
REFERRAL SYSTEM
55
It is a systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care.
NURSING PROCESS
56
What is the purpose of nursing process
It is to identify the client’s health status, to establish plans to meet the identified needs & to deliver interventions to meet those needs.
57
What are the phases of nursing process
- ASSESSMENT
- DIAGNOSIS
- PLANNING
- INTERVENTION/IMPLEMENTATION
- EVALUATION
58
She originated the term nursing process in 1955
LYDIA HALL
59
Who are theorist who first use the nursing process to refer to a series of phases describing the practice of nursing.
- DOROTHY JOHNSON (1959)
- IDA JEAN ORLANDO (1961)
- ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH (1963)
60
What are the characteristics of nursing process
- CYCLIC
- CLIENT-CENTERED
- INTERPERSONAL & COLLABORATIVE
- UNIVERSALLY APPLICABLE
61
It is a cycle that is continuously changing (dynamic) rather than staying the same (static)
CYCLIC
62
The nurse organizes plan of care according to client problems rather that nursing goals
client-centered
63
The nurse-patient relationship
INTERPERSONAL & COLLABORATIVE
64
It used as a framework for all nursing care in all types of clinical settings, with clients of all age groups.
UNIVERSALLY APPLICABLE
65
It is the systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation & documentation of data (information)
ASSESSMENT
66
What are the four types of assessment
- INITIAL ASSESSMENT
- PROBLEM-FOCUSED ASSESSMENT
- EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT
- TIME-LAPSED ASSESSMENT
67
What are the two types of data
- SUBJECTIVE DATA
| - OBJECTIVE DATA
68
It also referred symptoms or covert data; client’s point of view
SUBJECTIVE DATA
69
It also referred to as signs or overt data; measurable data obtain by observation or physical examination
OBJECTIVE DATA
70
What are the two sources of data
- PRIMARY
| - SECONDARY
71
Give example of primary source of data
the client itself
72
Example of secondary sources of data
Family members/significant others, other health professionals, records, reports, laboratory & diagnostic analyses.
73
What are the data collection methods
- OBSERVING
- INTERVIEWING
- EXAMINING
74
It is to observe is to gather data using senses; it is a conscious, deliberate skill that is developed through effort and with an organized approach.
OBSERVING
75
It is planned communication between the patient and the nurse
-INTERVIEWING
76
It is the physical examination/assessment is a systematic data collection that uses observation.
EXAMINING
77
It is a clinical judgment made after thorough, systematic data collection of an individual, family or community responses to actual and potential health problems.
DIAGNOSIS
78
What is the purpose of North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA)
The purpose of NANDA is to define, refine, and promote taxonomy of nursing diagnostic terminology of general use to professional nurses.
79
What are the types of nursing diagnoses
-ACTUAL DIAGNOSIS
-RISK NURSING DIAGNOSIS
-WELLNESS DIAGNOSIS
-POSSIBLE NURSING
SYNDROME DIAGNOSIS
80
It is a client problem that is present in the time of assessment. Example: Ineffective breathing pattern, etc.
ACTUAL DIAGNOSIS
81
It shows presence of risk factors that indicate a problem. Example: Risk for impaired skin integrity related to immobility, Risk for Injury related to generalized weakness, Risk for Infection related to post-surgical incision, etc.
RISK NURSING DIAGNOSIS
82
It is a clinical judgment about an individual, family and community in transition from a specific level of wellness to a higher level of wellness. Example: Readiness for Enhanced Family Coping, Readiness for Enhanced Spiritual Being
WELLNESS DIAGNOSIS
83
evidence about a certain problem is unclear and need to gather more data to support it.
POSSIBLE NURSING DIAGNOSIS
84
a diagnosis that is associated with a cluster of other diagnosis
SYNDROME DIAGNOSIS
85
What are the components of nursing diagnosis
- PROBLEM AND ITS DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY (related factors and risk factors)
- DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS
86
It describes the client’s health problem.
problem and its definition
87
what are the qualifiers in problem nd its definition
```
o Deficient
o Impaired
o Decreased
o Ineffective
o Compromised
```
88
It identifies the probable cause of the health problems.
etiology (related factors and risk factors)
89
cluster of signs & symptoms that indicate presence of a particular diagnostic label.
Defining Characteristics
90
what are the basic three-part statements?
- PROBLEM
- ETIOLOGY
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
91
The statement of the client’s response (NANDA label)
PROBLEM
92
The factors contributing to the response
ETIOLOGY
93
defining characteristics manifested by the client
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
94
It is a deliberative, systematic phase of the nursing process that involves decision making and problem solving.
PLANNING
95
What are the types of planning
- INITIAL PLANNING
- ONGOING PLANNING
- DISCHARGE PLANNING
96
is the process of establishing a preferential sequence for addressing nursing diagnosis and interventions
PRIORITY SETTING
97
What are the characteristics of the planning process
```
SPECIFIC
MEASURABLE
ATTAINABLE
REALISTIC
TIME BOUND
```
98
It consists of doing and documenting the activities that are specific nursing actions needed to carry out the intervention.
IMPLEMENTING/IMPLEMENTATION
99
Three types of implementing skills
- COGNITIVE SKILLS
- INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
- TECHNICAL SKILLS
100
It include problem solving, decision making, critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and creativity.
COGNITIVE SKILLS
101
these are activities, verbal and non-verbal, people use when interacting directly to one another.
INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
102
are purposeful “hands-on” skills such as manipulating equipment, giving rejections, bandaging, moving, lifting, and repositioning clients.
TECHNICAL SKILLS
103
Types of interventions
- INDEPENDENT
- DEPENDENT
- INTERDEPENDENT
104
A nurse can carry these interventions on their own. Example of independent nursing action is educating a patient about a medication
INDEPENDENT
105
These interventions require an order from a physician, such as drug prescription.
DEPENDENT
106
Nurses work with other members of the health care team in performing these interventions.
INTERDEPENDENT
107
It is a planned, ongoing purposeful activity in which clients and health care professional determine: Client’s progress toward achievement of goals/outcomes and The effectiveness of Nursing Care Plan
EVALUATING/EVALUATION
108
It is the process of making an entry on a client record is called recording, charting or documenting.
DOCUMENTING
109
What are the purposes of client record
1. Communication
2. Planning Client Care
3. Auditing Health Agencies
4. Research
5. Education
6. Health Care Analysis
110
FREE
HEALTH WELLNESS AND ILLNESS
111
define health in traditional way
health was defined in terms of presence or absence of disease.
112
define health based from Nightingale
a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the full extent.
113
define health based from world health organization
health in a more holistic view as a “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
114
define wellness
state of well-being
115
Anspaugh, Hamrick, & Rosato (2011) propose seven components of wellness and these are the
```
o Environmental
o Social
o Emotional
o Physical
o Spiritual
o Intellectual
o Occupational
```
116
what are the 6 models of health and wellness
- CLINICAL MODEL
- ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL
- ADAPTIVE MODEL
- EUDAIMONISTIC MODEL
- AGENT-HOST ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL
- HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUA
117
people viewed as physiological system with related functions, and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury. It is considered the state of not being “sick”. In this model, the opposite of health is disease or injury.
CLINICAL MODEL
118
In this model, health is defined in terms of an individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles – to perform his/her work. It is assumed in this model that sickness is the inability to perform one’s work role.
ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL
119
In this model, health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation, or maladaptation. The aim of this is to restore the ability of the person to adapt, to cope.
ADAPTIVE MODEL
120
In this model, the highest aspiration of people if fulfillment and complete development, which is actualization. Illness in this model, is a condition that prevents self-actualization.
EUDAIMONISTIC MODEL
121
also called as the ecologic model, it was originated in the community health work of Leavell and Clark (1965) and has three dynamic interactive elements
AGENT-HOST ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL
122
What are the three dynamic interactive elements in agent-host environmental model
- AGENT
- HOST
- ENVIRONMENT
123
any environmental factor or stressor (biologic, chemical, mechanical, physical, or psychosocial) that by its presence or absence cam lead to a disease or injury.
AGENT
124
Person(s) who may or may not be risk of acquiring a disease. Family history, age, and lifestyle habits influence the host’s reaction.
HOST
125
All factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease.
ENVIRONMENT
126
It can be used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness. Health and Illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum.
HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUA
127
It is a highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished. It is not synonymous with disease and may or may not be related to disease
ILLNESS
128
Two types of illness?
ACUTE ILLNESS
| CHRONIC ILLNESS
129
Sudden in onset, less than six (6) months
ACUTE ILLNESS
130
Gradual in onset, more than six (6) months
CHRONIC ILLNESS
131
What are the types of chronic illness?
EXACERBATION PERIOD
| REMISSION PERIOD
132
It is characterized by active signs and symptoms of the illness
EXACERBATION PERIOD
133
It is where no signs and symptoms are present.
REMISSION PERIOD
134
It can be described as an alteration in body functions which result to reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.
DISEASE
135
The causation of a disease or condition is called
ETIOLOGY
136
He described five stages of illness
SUCHMAN
137
In this stage, a person experiences some symptoms such as pain, rash, cough, fever, or bleeding
STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
138
What are the three aspects of stage 1?
▪ The physical experience of symptoms ▪ The cognitive aspect
▪ The emotional response
139
It is the stage where The individual now accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation from family and friends.
Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role
140
It is the stage where Sick people seek the advice of a health care professional.
Stage 3: Medical Care Contact
141
stage 4?
Dependent Client Role
142
Its is the stage where The client is expected to relinquish the dependent role and assume former roles and responsibilities
Stage 5: Recovery or Rehabilitation
143
It is the exchanging of ideas, information, feelings, data between two or more people. It is a basic component of human relationships, including nursing. The intent of communication is to obtain a response/feedback
COMMUNICATION
144
What are the components of communication?
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
RESPONSE
145
a person who initiates a message
SENDER
146
it is what is actually said or written.
MESSAGE
147
a person who is the decoder, who must perceive what the sender intended (interpretation)
RECEIVER
148
it is the message that the receiver returns to sender. It is also called feedback.
RESPONSE
149
What are the modes of communication
VERBAL
NON-VERBAL
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
150
it uses spoken or written word.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
151
uses other forms, such as gestures or facial expressions, and touch. Sometimes called body language.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
152
form of communication that evolved with the use of technology.
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
153
It is the distance people prefer in interactions with others
PERSONAL SPACE
154
It is the study of distance between people in their interactions
PROXEMICS
155
o Intimate:
o Personal:
o Social:
o Public:
o 0 to 1 ½ feet
o 1 ½ to 4 feet
o 4 to 12 feet
o 12 feet and beyond
156
accepting pauses or silences without interjecting any verbal response.
USING SILENCE
157
using statements that encourage the client to verbalize.
Providing general leads
158
providing appropriate sense of touch to reinforce feelings
USING TOUCH
159
actively listening to the client’s basic message and repeating those thought and/or feelings in similar words
Restating or Paraphrasing
160
suggesting one’s presence, interest, or wish to understand the client without making any demands
OFFERING SELF
161
helping the client to differentiate the real from the unreal.
Presenting reality
162
giving recognition, in a nonjudgmental way, of a change in behavior.
ACKNOWLEDGING
163
What are the therapeutic communication?
- using silence
- providing general leads
- using touch
- restating or paraphrasing
- offering self
- presenting reality
- acknowledging
164
What are the non-therapeutic communication?
```
o Stereotyping
o Agreeing and disagreeing
o Being defensive
o Challenging
o Probing
o Testing
o Rejecting
o Changing topics and subjects
o Giving common advice
```
