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TFN reviewer > LEGAL ASPECTS IN NURSING > Flashcards

LEGAL ASPECTS IN NURSING Flashcards

1
Q

It is an agreement by which a patient/client to accept a course of treatment or a procedure.

A

INFORMED CONSENT

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2
Q

What are the two types of informed consent?

A
  • EXPRESS

- IMPLIED

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3
Q

It may be either oral or written agreement. The more the invasive the procedure, the more it requires written permission.

A

EXPRESS

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4
Q

It is when an individual’s nonverbal behavior indicates agreement. For example, when an individual position their bodies for an injection or when they cooperate when taking vital signs.

A

IMPLIED

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5
Q

What are the elements of an informed consent

A

o Voluntary
o Informed
o Competent
o Signature

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6
Q

what are the areas of potential liability in nursing?

A
  • CRIME
  • MISDEMEANOR
  • TORT
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7
Q

It is an act committed that violates the public law and can be punished by a fine or imprisonment

A

CRIME

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8
Q

What are the two classification of crime

A

FELONIES

MANSLAUGHTER

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9
Q

what is felonies

A

a crime of serious nature, e.g. Murder.

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10
Q

what is manslaughter

A

second-degree murder

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11
Q

it is an offense of a less serious in nature but can be punished by a fine or short-term jail sentence or both, e.g. When a Nurse slaps a patient/client’s face.

A

MISDEMEANOR

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12
Q

It is a civil wrong that is committed against a person or person’s property.

A

TORT

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13
Q

What are the two classification of tort

A

UNINTENTIONAL

INTENTIONAL

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14
Q

do not require intent but do not require the element of harm

A

UNINTENTIONAL TORT

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15
Q

What are the two types of unintentional tort?

A
  • NEGLIGENCE

- MALPRACTICE

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16
Q

define negligence

A

The failure to meet a standard of behavior that caused harm or injury to others.

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17
Q

define malpractice

A

“professional negligence”, a negligence occurred while the person was performing as a professional. This includes six elements:

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18
Q

what are the 6 elements

A
  • DUTY
  • BREACH DUTY
  • FORESEEABILITY
  • CAUSATIONS
  • HARM OR INJURY
  • DAMAGES
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19
Q

The wrongful acts done on a purpose

A

INTENTIONAL TORT

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20
Q

What are the five types of intentional tort?

A
  • ASSAULT
  • BATTERY
  • FALSE IMPRISONMENT
  • INVASION OF PRIVACY
  • DEFAMATION
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21
Q

Define assault

A

an attempt or threat to touch another person

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22
Q

Define battery

A

willful touching of a person that may or may not cause harm.

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23
Q

define false imprisonment

A

“unjustifiable detention of a person without warrant to confine the person” (Guido, 2006).

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24
Q

defamation

A

libel and slander

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25
Q

what is libel

A

a defamation by means of writing, print, or pictures.

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26
Q

what is slander

A

a defamation by spoken word or false word by which a reputation is damaged.

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27
Q

morality and ethics

A
  • ETHICS
  • MORALITY
  • BIOETHICS
  • NURSING ETHICS
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28
Q

What is ethics

A

a discipline that is concerned with what is morally right & wrong.

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29
Q

What is morality

A

personal standards of what is right and wrong in conduct, character and attitude.

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30
Q

What is bioethics

A

ethics that are applied to human life or health.

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31
Q

What is nursing ethics

A

ethics applied to nursing practice.

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32
Q

What are the seven moral principle in nursing ethics

A
  • AUTONOMY
  • NONMALEFICENCE
  • BENEFICENCE
  • JUSTICE
  • FIDELITY
  • VERACITY
  • ACCOUNTABILITY
  • RESPONSIBILITY
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33
Q

Autonomy refers to

A

right to make one’s own decisions.

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34
Q

Nonmaleficence is

A

a duty to “do no harm”

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35
Q

Beneficence means

A

“doing good”.

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36
Q

Justice refers to

A

fairness

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37
Q

Fidelity means

A

being faithful to agreements and promises.

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38
Q

Veracity refers to

A

telling the truth

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39
Q

Accountability means

A

answerable to oneself and others for one’s own actions

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40
Q

Responsibility refers to

A

the specific accountability or liability associated with the performance of duties of a particular role

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41
Q

FREE

A

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

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42
Q

According Miller-Keane (1987), it is an organized plan of health services.

A

HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

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43
Q

According to Williams-Tungpalan (1981), it is a network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people

A

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY

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44
Q

Philippine health care delivery system classified as

A
  • PUBLIC

- PRIVATE

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45
Q

It is financed through tax-based system from the government

A

PUBLIC

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46
Q

Two types of public health care delivery system

A
  • NATIONAL [DOH (Regional Hospitals, Medical Centers, DOH representatives, etc.) ]
  • LOCAL [ LGU (Provincial & District Hospitals, RHUs, Barangay Health Stations, etc.) ]
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47
Q

It is run by individuals & companies

A

PRIVATE

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48
Q

Two types of private health care delivery system

A
  • PROFIT (private hospitals, clinics)

- NON-PROFIT (organizations, foundations)

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49
Q

What are the levels of disease of disease prevention (WONCA 2003)

A
  • PRIMARY PREVENTION
  • SECONDARY PREVENTION
  • TERTIARY PREVENTION
  • QUATERNARY PREVENTION
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50
Q

It is an action taken to avoid or remove the cause of a health problem in an individual or a population before it arises

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

  • health promotion
  • specific protection (e.g. immunization)
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51
Q

It is an action taken to detect a health problem at an early stage in an individual or a population, thereby facilitating a cure or reducing or preventing it spreading or long-term effects.

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION

-e.g. screening, case finding, early diagnosis

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52
Q

It is an action taken to reduce the chronic effects of a health problem in an individual or a population by minimizing the functional impairment consequent to the acute or chronic health problem

A

TERTIARY PREVENTION

-e.g. rehabilitation

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53
Q

It is an action taken to protect individuals (persons/patients) from medical interventions that are likely to cause more harm than good.

A

QUATERNARY PREVENTION

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54
Q

It is the proper channeling of health services.

A

REFERRAL SYSTEM

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55
Q

It is a systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care.

A

NURSING PROCESS

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56
Q

What is the purpose of nursing process

A

It is to identify the client’s health status, to establish plans to meet the identified needs & to deliver interventions to meet those needs.

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57
Q

What are the phases of nursing process

A
  • ASSESSMENT
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • PLANNING
  • INTERVENTION/IMPLEMENTATION
  • EVALUATION
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58
Q

She originated the term nursing process in 1955

A

LYDIA HALL

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59
Q

Who are theorist who first use the nursing process to refer to a series of phases describing the practice of nursing.

A
  • DOROTHY JOHNSON (1959)
  • IDA JEAN ORLANDO (1961)
  • ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH (1963)
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60
Q

What are the characteristics of nursing process

A
  • CYCLIC
  • CLIENT-CENTERED
  • INTERPERSONAL & COLLABORATIVE
  • UNIVERSALLY APPLICABLE
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61
Q

It is a cycle that is continuously changing (dynamic) rather than staying the same (static)

A

CYCLIC

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62
Q

The nurse organizes plan of care according to client problems rather that nursing goals

A

client-centered

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63
Q

The nurse-patient relationship

A

INTERPERSONAL & COLLABORATIVE

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64
Q

It used as a framework for all nursing care in all types of clinical settings, with clients of all age groups.

A

UNIVERSALLY APPLICABLE

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65
Q

It is the systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation & documentation of data (information)

A

ASSESSMENT

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66
Q

What are the four types of assessment

A
  • INITIAL ASSESSMENT
  • PROBLEM-FOCUSED ASSESSMENT
  • EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT
  • TIME-LAPSED ASSESSMENT
67
Q

What are the two types of data

A
  • SUBJECTIVE DATA

- OBJECTIVE DATA

68
Q

It also referred symptoms or covert data; client’s point of view

A

SUBJECTIVE DATA

69
Q

It also referred to as signs or overt data; measurable data obtain by observation or physical examination

A

OBJECTIVE DATA

70
Q

What are the two sources of data

A
  • PRIMARY

- SECONDARY

71
Q

Give example of primary source of data

A

the client itself

72
Q

Example of secondary sources of data

A

Family members/significant others, other health professionals, records, reports, laboratory & diagnostic analyses.

73
Q

What are the data collection methods

A
  • OBSERVING
  • INTERVIEWING
  • EXAMINING
74
Q

It is to observe is to gather data using senses; it is a conscious, deliberate skill that is developed through effort and with an organized approach.

A

OBSERVING

75
Q

It is planned communication between the patient and the nurse

A

-INTERVIEWING

76
Q

It is the physical examination/assessment is a systematic data collection that uses observation.

A

EXAMINING

77
Q

It is a clinical judgment made after thorough, systematic data collection of an individual, family or community responses to actual and potential health problems.

A

DIAGNOSIS

78
Q

What is the purpose of North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA)

A

The purpose of NANDA is to define, refine, and promote taxonomy of nursing diagnostic terminology of general use to professional nurses.

79
Q

What are the types of nursing diagnoses

A

-ACTUAL DIAGNOSIS
-RISK NURSING DIAGNOSIS
-WELLNESS DIAGNOSIS
-POSSIBLE NURSING
SYNDROME DIAGNOSIS

80
Q

It is a client problem that is present in the time of assessment. Example: Ineffective breathing pattern, etc.

A

ACTUAL DIAGNOSIS

81
Q

It shows presence of risk factors that indicate a problem. Example: Risk for impaired skin integrity related to immobility, Risk for Injury related to generalized weakness, Risk for Infection related to post-surgical incision, etc.

A

RISK NURSING DIAGNOSIS

82
Q

It is a clinical judgment about an individual, family and community in transition from a specific level of wellness to a higher level of wellness. Example: Readiness for Enhanced Family Coping, Readiness for Enhanced Spiritual Being

A

WELLNESS DIAGNOSIS

83
Q

evidence about a certain problem is unclear and need to gather more data to support it.

A

POSSIBLE NURSING DIAGNOSIS

84
Q

a diagnosis that is associated with a cluster of other diagnosis

A

SYNDROME DIAGNOSIS

85
Q

What are the components of nursing diagnosis

A
  • PROBLEM AND ITS DEFINITION
  • ETIOLOGY (related factors and risk factors)
  • DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS
86
Q

It describes the client’s health problem.

A

problem and its definition

87
Q

what are the qualifiers in problem nd its definition

A 
o Deficient  
o Impaired 
o Decreased 
o Ineffective  
o Compromised
88
Q

It identifies the probable cause of the health problems.

A

etiology (related factors and risk factors)

89
Q

cluster of signs & symptoms that indicate presence of a particular diagnostic label.

A

Defining Characteristics

90
Q

what are the basic three-part statements?

A
  • PROBLEM
  • ETIOLOGY
  • SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
91
Q

The statement of the client’s response (NANDA label)

A

PROBLEM

92
Q

The factors contributing to the response

A

ETIOLOGY

93
Q

defining characteristics manifested by the client

A

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

94
Q

It is a deliberative, systematic phase of the nursing process that involves decision making and problem solving.

A

PLANNING

95
Q

What are the types of planning

A
  • INITIAL PLANNING
  • ONGOING PLANNING
  • DISCHARGE PLANNING
96
Q

is the process of establishing a preferential sequence for addressing nursing diagnosis and interventions

A

PRIORITY SETTING

97
Q

What are the characteristics of the planning process

A 
SPECIFIC
MEASURABLE
ATTAINABLE
REALISTIC
TIME BOUND
98
Q

It consists of doing and documenting the activities that are specific nursing actions needed to carry out the intervention.

A

IMPLEMENTING/IMPLEMENTATION

99
Q

Three types of implementing skills

A
  • COGNITIVE SKILLS
  • INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
  • TECHNICAL SKILLS
100
Q

It include problem solving, decision making, critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and creativity.

A

COGNITIVE SKILLS

101
Q

these are activities, verbal and non-verbal, people use when interacting directly to one another.

A

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

102
Q

are purposeful “hands-on” skills such as manipulating equipment, giving rejections, bandaging, moving, lifting, and repositioning clients.

A

TECHNICAL SKILLS

103
Q

Types of interventions

A
  • INDEPENDENT
  • DEPENDENT
  • INTERDEPENDENT
104
Q

A nurse can carry these interventions on their own. Example of independent nursing action is educating a patient about a medication

A

INDEPENDENT

105
Q

These interventions require an order from a physician, such as drug prescription.

A

DEPENDENT

106
Q

Nurses work with other members of the health care team in performing these interventions.

A

INTERDEPENDENT

107
Q

It is a planned, ongoing purposeful activity in which clients and health care professional determine: Client’s progress toward achievement of goals/outcomes and The effectiveness of Nursing Care Plan

A

EVALUATING/EVALUATION

108
Q

It is the process of making an entry on a client record is called recording, charting or documenting.

A

DOCUMENTING

109
Q

What are the purposes of client record

A
  1. Communication
  2. Planning Client Care
  3. Auditing Health Agencies
  4. Research
  5. Education
  6. Health Care Analysis
110
Q

FREE

A

HEALTH WELLNESS AND ILLNESS

111
Q

define health in traditional way

A

health was defined in terms of presence or absence of disease.

112
Q

define health based from Nightingale

A

a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the full extent.

113
Q

define health based from world health organization

A

health in a more holistic view as a “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

114
Q

define wellness

A

state of well-being

115
Q

Anspaugh, Hamrick, & Rosato (2011) propose seven components of wellness and these are the

A 
o Environmental 
o Social 
o Emotional 
o Physical 
o Spiritual 
o Intellectual 
o Occupational
116
Q

what are the 6 models of health and wellness

A
  • CLINICAL MODEL
  • ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL
  • ADAPTIVE MODEL
  • EUDAIMONISTIC MODEL
  • AGENT-HOST ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL
  • HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUA
117
Q

people viewed as physiological system with related functions, and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury. It is considered the state of not being “sick”. In this model, the opposite of health is disease or injury.

A

CLINICAL MODEL

118
Q

In this model, health is defined in terms of an individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles – to perform his/her work. It is assumed in this model that sickness is the inability to perform one’s work role.

A

ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL

119
Q

In this model, health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation, or maladaptation. The aim of this is to restore the ability of the person to adapt, to cope.

A

ADAPTIVE MODEL

120
Q

In this model, the highest aspiration of people if fulfillment and complete development, which is actualization. Illness in this model, is a condition that prevents self-actualization.

A

EUDAIMONISTIC MODEL

121
Q

also called as the ecologic model, it was originated in the community health work of Leavell and Clark (1965) and has three dynamic interactive elements

A

AGENT-HOST ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL

122
Q

What are the three dynamic interactive elements in agent-host environmental model

A
  • AGENT
  • HOST
  • ENVIRONMENT
123
Q

any environmental factor or stressor (biologic, chemical, mechanical, physical, or psychosocial) that by its presence or absence cam lead to a disease or injury.

A

AGENT

124
Q

Person(s) who may or may not be risk of acquiring a disease. Family history, age, and lifestyle habits influence the host’s reaction.

A

HOST

125
Q

All factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease.

A

ENVIRONMENT

126
Q

It can be used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness. Health and Illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum.

A

HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUA

127
Q

It is a highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished. It is not synonymous with disease and may or may not be related to disease

A

ILLNESS

128
Q

Two types of illness?

A

ACUTE ILLNESS

CHRONIC ILLNESS

129
Q

Sudden in onset, less than six (6) months

A

ACUTE ILLNESS

130
Q

Gradual in onset, more than six (6) months

A

CHRONIC ILLNESS

131
Q

What are the types of chronic illness?

A

EXACERBATION PERIOD

REMISSION PERIOD

132
Q

It is characterized by active signs and symptoms of the illness

A

EXACERBATION PERIOD

133
Q

It is where no signs and symptoms are present.

A

REMISSION PERIOD

134
Q

It can be described as an alteration in body functions which result to reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.

A

DISEASE

135
Q

The causation of a disease or condition is called

A

ETIOLOGY

136
Q

He described five stages of illness

A

SUCHMAN

137
Q

In this stage, a person experiences some symptoms such as pain, rash, cough, fever, or bleeding

A

STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE

138
Q

What are the three aspects of stage 1?

A

▪ The physical experience of symptoms ▪ The cognitive aspect
▪ The emotional response

139
Q

It is the stage where The individual now accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation from family and friends.

A

Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role

140
Q

It is the stage where Sick people seek the advice of a health care professional.

A

Stage 3: Medical Care Contact

141
Q

stage 4?

A

Dependent Client Role

142
Q

Its is the stage where The client is expected to relinquish the dependent role and assume former roles and responsibilities

A

Stage 5: Recovery or Rehabilitation

143
Q

It is the exchanging of ideas, information, feelings, data between two or more people. It is a basic component of human relationships, including nursing. The intent of communication is to obtain a response/feedback

A

COMMUNICATION

144
Q

What are the components of communication?

A

SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
RESPONSE

145
Q

a person who initiates a message

A

SENDER

146
Q

it is what is actually said or written.

A

MESSAGE

147
Q

a person who is the decoder, who must perceive what the sender intended (interpretation)

A

RECEIVER

148
Q

it is the message that the receiver returns to sender. It is also called feedback.

A

RESPONSE

149
Q

What are the modes of communication

A

VERBAL
NON-VERBAL
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION

150
Q

it uses spoken or written word.

A

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

151
Q

uses other forms, such as gestures or facial expressions, and touch. Sometimes called body language.

A

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

152
Q

form of communication that evolved with the use of technology.

A

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION

153
Q

It is the distance people prefer in interactions with others

A

PERSONAL SPACE

154
Q

It is the study of distance between people in their interactions

A

PROXEMICS

155
Q

o Intimate:
o Personal:
o Social:
o Public:

A

o 0 to 1 ½ feet
o 1 ½ to 4 feet
o 4 to 12 feet
o 12 feet and beyond

156
Q

accepting pauses or silences without interjecting any verbal response.

A

USING SILENCE

157
Q

using statements that encourage the client to verbalize.

A

Providing general leads

158
Q

providing appropriate sense of touch to reinforce feelings

A

USING TOUCH

159
Q

actively listening to the client’s basic message and repeating those thought and/or feelings in similar words

A

Restating or Paraphrasing

160
Q

suggesting one’s presence, interest, or wish to understand the client without making any demands

A

OFFERING SELF

161
Q

helping the client to differentiate the real from the unreal.

A

Presenting reality

162
Q

giving recognition, in a nonjudgmental way, of a change in behavior.

A

ACKNOWLEDGING

163
Q

What are the therapeutic communication?

A
  • using silence
  • providing general leads
  • using touch
  • restating or paraphrasing
  • offering self
  • presenting reality
  • acknowledging
164
Q

What are the non-therapeutic communication?

A 
o Stereotyping  
o Agreeing and disagreeing 
o Being defensive 
o Challenging 
o Probing 
o Testing 
o Rejecting 
o Changing topics and subjects 
o Giving common advice

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