NURS 3368 Final Review

Question 1

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Answer 1

Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin.

Question 2

Phagocytosis

Answer 2

A. Ingestion of microbes, foreign particles, or cell fragments; Neutrophils and macrophages
B. Production of adhesion molecules
C. Marination (pavementing); Adherence of neutrophils to endothelial cells.
D. Diapedesis; Emigration of cells through the endothelial junctions.
E. Recognition and adherence, engulfment and phagosome formation, fusion of phagosome with lysosomal granules, and destruction of the target.

Question 3

IG mediated response in severe allergic reactions (which one)

Answer 3

Anaphylaxis; immunoglobulin E

Question 4

Describe what a hypersensitive reaction is

Answer 4

Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host.

Question 5

Define coping

Answer 5

A. Process of managing stressful challenges.
B. May be adaptiv or maladaptive.
C. Personality contributes to response to stress.
D. Strategies beneficial when problem-focused and when social support is sought.
E. Maladaptive coping may contribute to adverse health effects.

Question 6

Function of Natriuretic hormones.

Question 7

Clotting cascade.

Question 8

Infectious Mononucleosis.

Answer 8

A. Benign, acute, self-limiting infection of B lymphocytes transmitted by saliva through personal contact.
B. Most common cause of EBV; other viruses cause similar symptoms: cyymegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis, influenza, HIV, and rubella.
C. Symptoms at diagnosis: fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen cervical lymph nodes, increased lymphocyte count, atypical (activated) lymphocytes.
D. D

Question 9

Hemophilia.

Answer 9

Results from a mutation in the F9 gene, which codes for factor IX. Because both factors VIII and IX function together to activate factor X, hemophilia A and B are clinically indistinguishable.

Question 10

Bainbridge Reflex.

Answer 10

Is the name for the changes in the heart rate that may occur after intravenous infusions of blood or other fluid.

Question 11

Lung Capacity Measurements (TLC, RV, VC, FRC).

Question 12

PE Prophylaxis.

Question 13

Pathology of Asthma.

Question 14

Pulmonary Stenosis.

Answer 14

Is a narrowing or stricture of the pulmonary valve that causes resistance to blood flow from the RV to the PA.

Question 15

Primary Bile Salts Synthetization.

Answer 15

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Conversion of cholesterol to bile acid involved nuclear modification, side chain altercation, and conjugation.

Question 16

Pancreatic Insufficiency.

Answer 16

A. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency: insufficient pancreatic enzyme production. Lipase, amylase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin.
B. Causes: pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic resection, cystic fibrosis.
C. Fat maldigestion is the main problem, so the patients will exhibit fatty stools and weight loss.

Question 17

Kwashiorkor.

Answer 17

Protein deprivation with carbohydrate intake is called kwashiorkor (loss of muscles mass with sustained body fat).

Question 18

Functions of the loop of Henle.

Question 19

Dietary considerations in chronic renal failure.

Answer 19

Limiting fluids, eating a low-protein diet, limiting salt, potassium, phosphorous, and other electrolytes, and getting enough calories if you are losing weight. Low sodium and eat a lot of fruits and vegetables.

Question 20

Nephrotic syndrome.

Answer 20

Is the excretion of 3.5 g or more of protein in the urine per day.

Question 21

Cranial Nerve Functions.

Answer 21

Send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck, and torso. Cranial nerve helps you taste, smell, hear, and feel sensations. They also help in making facial expressions and things like moving your tongue and blinking your eyes.

Question 22

Sleep disturbances in children.

Question 23

Spinal shock.

Answer 23

Is the temporary loss of spinal cord functions below the lesion. Spinal shock develops immediately after injury because of loss of continuous tonic discharge from brain or brainstem and inhibition of central descending impulses that control and modulate spinal cord nerves.

Question 24

Strokes/TIA.

Answer 24

Stroke:
TIA: (transient ischemic attack) are episodes of neurological dysfunction lasting no more than 1 hour and resulting from temporary obstruction of brain blood flow.

Question 25

Congenital hydrocephalus.

Answer 25

Is ventricular enlargement before birth and is rare.

Question 26

Types of muscle contractions.

Answer 26

A. Isometric (static) contraction: muscles maintain constant length as tension increases.
B. Dynamic (formerly isotonic) contraction: muscle maintains constant tension as it moves, eccentric (lengthening), concentric (shortening).
C. Muscle movement: agonist, antagonist.

Question 27

Types of fractures.

Question 28

Osteosarcoma.

Question 29

Pressure ulcers.

Question 30

Candidiasis.

Answer 30

Is caused by yeastlike fungus Candida albicans and normally can be found on mucous membranes, on the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, and in the vagina.

Question 31

Acne Vulgaris.

Answer 31

Inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicles, papulisquamous disorder.

Question 32

Rubella, rubeola, and roseola.

Question 33

Complications of pulmonary edema.

Answer 33

Respiratory and metabolic acidosis, cardiac or respiratory arrest, pulmonary fibrosis, and death.

Question 34

Vaccines (viral and bacterial).

Answer 34

Viral vaccines:
Bacterial vaccines:

Question 35

Erythropoietin.

Answer 35

A hormone produced primarily by the kidney that stimulates erythrocyte production.

Question 36

Eosinophilia.

Answer 36

Is an absolute increase (>450/ul) in the total number of circulating eosinophils. Increase in circulating eosinophils. Triggered by hypersensitivity reactions. Allergic disorders and parasitic invasions.

Question 37

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

Answer 37

Is the most common disorder of platelet consumption. Autoantibodies bind to plasma membranes of platelets, causing platelet sequestration and destruction by mono-nuclear phagocytes in the spleen and other lymphoid tissues at a rate that exceeds the ability of the bone to produce them.

Question 38

Cheyne-stokes.

Answer 38

Abnormal breathing pattern; characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing. Apnea lasting from 15 to 60 seconds is followed by ventilations that increase in volume until a peak is reached; then ventilation (tidal volume) decreases again to apnea. Result from any condition reduces blood flow to the brainstem.

Question 39

Emphysema.

Answer 39

Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without a virus fibrosis. Inherited defect of a1-anti trypsin. Loss of elastic recoil. Air trapping.

Question 40

Coronary artery disease.

Answer 40

Caused by atherosclerosis is the primary cause of heart disease in the United States. CAD can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impaired myocardial metabolism enough to cause myocardial ischemia, a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply.

Question 41

Right and left heart failure.

Question 42

GFR.

Question 43

ADH: Antidiuretic hormone.

Question 44

Multiple sclerosis.

Answer 44

A. Chronic progressive immune mediated inflammatory disease.
B. Multiple focal areas of myelin loss (plaques); disrupts nerve conduction with subsequent death of neurons and brain atrophy. Paresthesia, weakness, impaired gut, visual disturbances, or urinary incontinence.
C. Four subtypes based on clinical course.

Question 45

Acute glomerulonephritis.

Answer 45

Symptoms: dark urine, weakness, fever, abdominal pain, elevated blood pressure, and malaise.
Is inflammation of the tiny fibers in the kidneys (glomeruli). The excess fluid and waste that glomeruli remove from the bloodstream exit the body as urine.