NURS 3368 Exam 3 Review

Question 1

What is innate immunity and when is it gained?

Answer 1

Innate immunity is physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers that fights germs and is the first to do something when viruses and bacteria are detected.
It is gained when you are first born.

Question 2

What is the purpose of the inflammatory process?

Answer 2

The purpose of the inflammatory process is to prevent and limit infection and further damage, limit and control the inflammatory process, prepare injury for healing and repair, and facilitate development of adaptive immune response.

Question 3

Define Fibrin

Answer 3

Fibrin molecules then combine to form long fibrin threads that entangle platelets, building up a spongy mass that gradually hardens and contracts to form the blood clot.

Question 4

Where does fibrin belongs in the clotting system?

Answer 4

Is created by fibrinogen by the action of thrombin, a clotting enzyme. This is caused when tissue damage results in bleeding.

Question 5

What is responsible for the pattern of scarring that is raised and extended beyond original boundaries of a wound?

Answer 5

Keloid scars.

Question 6

Define active immunity.

Answer 6

Develops after exposure to antigen and are long lived.

Question 7

What is the most abundant class of antibodies?
IgG

Answer 7

IgG (Immunoglobulin G) is the most abundant class (80%-85%), accounts for most of the protective activity against infections, and transported across the placenta to protect newborn child.

Question 8

What is the most abundant class of antibodies?
IgA

Answer 8

IgA (Immunoglobulin A) molecules are found predominantly in the blood and IgA-2 (secretory IgA) molecules are found predominantly in bodily secretions (most important)> Dimer anchored by a J chain and a “secretory” piece and secretory piece may function to protect IgA’s against enzyme degradation.

Question 9

What is the most abundant class of antibodies?
IgM

Answer 9

IgM (Immunoglobulin M) largest of the immunoglobulins, pentamer stabilized by a J chain, first antibody produced during the primary response to a antigen and synthesized early in neonatal life.

Question 10

What is the most abundant class of antibodies?
IgE

Answer 10

IgE (Immunoglobulin E) low concentration in the blood, defense against parasitic infections initiates an inflammatory reaction to attract eosinophils, and when produced against innocuous environment antigens, they are a common cause of allergies: Fc portions of IgE’s are bound to mast cells.

Question 11

What are the secondary lymph organs?

Answer 11

The lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils, and certain tissue in various mucous membrane layers in the body (for instance in the bowel).

Question 12

What is the predominant antibody in a primary immune response?

Answer 12

IgM

Question 13

Define hypersensitivity.

Answer 13

Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host.

Question 14

Define anaphylaxis.

Answer 14

Most rapid and severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction, occurs within minutes of re-exposure to antigen, systemic or cutaneous, most severe reactions can lead to death (beestings, peanuts, shellfish, or eggs).

Question 15

Organ transplant percentage for siblings that share HLA haplotypes?

Answer 15

25%

Question 16

Define attenuated antigen vaccine (LAV).

Answer 16

Is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable.

Question 17

Define viruses.

Answer 17

An infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.

Question 18

Define infectivity; related to pathogens.

Answer 18

Infectivity is the ability to invade and multiply. The ability of a pathogen to establish an infection. More specifically, infectivity is the extent to which the pathogen can enter, survive, and multiply in a host.

Question 19

Fungi cause deep or systemic infections, because fungi are?

Answer 19

Opportunistic fungal pathogens in immunocompromised hosts.

Question 20

Difference between compact and spongy bone.

Answer 20

Compact (cortical) Bone is 85% of the skeleton, highly organized, solid, and extremely strong, Haversian system: haversian canal, lamellae, osteocyte, and canaliculi.
Spongy (cancellous) Bone: lack of Haversian system and trabeculae.

Question 21

What merges with the epiphysis after puberty?

Answer 21

The metaphysis.

Question 22

Define gomphosis and where is it found.

Answer 22

Gomphosis is s joint that anchors a tooth to its socket. It is found in the upper and lower parts of the jaw in each tooth socket.

Question 23

What type of cartilage is found between the ribs and sternum?

Answer 23

Costal cartilage

Question 24

What does Calcium control in muscles?

Answer 24

Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins that in the absence of calcium prevent interaction of actin and myosin.

Question 25

Bone Classification: Flat

Answer 25

Ribs and scapulae, and two plates of compact bone parallel to each other.

Question 26

Bone Classification: Short (Cuboidal Bones)

Answer 26

Wrist and ankles, and spongy bone covered by thin layer of compact bone.

Question 27

Bone Classification: Irregular

Answer 27

Vertebrae, mandible, and other facial bones, and various shapes, thick and thin fragments.

Question 28

Bone Classification: Long

Answer 28

Diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis: epiphyseal plate, medullary (marrow) cavity, and endosteum.

Question 29

Define transverse fracture.

Answer 29

Transverse fractures are a type of broken bone. Transverse fractures run horizontally perpendicular to your bone (opposite the direction of your bone). You might see them referred to as complete fractures. This means the line of the break goes all the way through your bone.

Question 30

Symptoms of rhabdomyulosis.

Answer 30

Muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine.

Question 31

Define osteomalacia.

Answer 31

Inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid.

Question 32

What causes Paget disease?

Answer 32

Chronic accelerated remodeling of spongy bine and deposition of disorganized bone. Enlarges and softens affected bones. Mostly affects vertebral, skull, sacrum, sternum, pelvis, and femur.