NURS 317 Unit 2 Chapter 36 Path Point Questions Flashcards
What is true regarding the process of absorption? Select all that apply.
A) The process involves active transport.
B) The reabsorption of water occurs mainly in the small intestines.
C) It is the process by which nutrients are moved through the GI tract.
D) The transport of amino acids requires the presence of the intrinsic factor.
E) The process involves diffusion.
A) The process involves active transport.
C) It is the process by which nutrients are moved through the GI tract.
D) The transport of amino acids requires the presence of the intrinsic factor.
Rationale: Absorption is the process of moving nutrients and other materials from the external environment in the lumen of the GI tract into the internal environment. Absorption is accomplished by active transport and diffusion. The absorptive function of the large intestine focuses mainly on water reabsorption. A number of substances require a specific carrier or transport system. For example, vitamin B12 is not absorbed in the absence of intrinsic factor, which is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach. Transport of amino acids and glucose occurs mainly in the presence of sodium. Water is absorbed passively along an osmotic gradient.
A client has been diagnosed with an incompetent pyloric sphincter. This client is experiencing a lot of abdominal pain and nausea. When this client vomits, the nurse should expect what type of secretions will be in the basin?
A) Bright red, bloody emesis
B) Green, stringy emesis
C) Thick, brownish, foul-smelling emesis
D) Clear mucous-looking emesis
C) Thick, brownish, foul-smelling emesis
Rationale: The pylorus is located between the body of the stomach and the duodenum. At the end of the pyloric canal, the circular smooth muscle layer thickens to form the pyloric sphincter. This muscle serves as a valve that controls the rate of stomach emptying and prevents the regurgitation of intestinal contents back into the stomach. Therefore, if the pyloric sphincter is incompetent, intestinal content will flow back into the stomach.
Which enzymes adhere to the border of the villus structures to allow access to carbohydrate and protein molecules?
A) Activated trypsin
B) Chymotrypsin
C) Brush border
D) Bile salts
C) Brush border
Rationale: The brush border enzymes adhere to the border of the villus structures to allow access to carbohydrate and protein molecules as they come in contact with the absorptive surface of the intestines
Which are functions of the digestive system? Select all that apply.
A) Wastes are collected.
B) Red blood cells are produced.
C) Vitamins are synthesized.
D) Nutrients are absorbed.
E) Wastes are eliminated.
F) Insulin is produced.
A) Wastes are collected.
B) Red blood cells are produced.
C) Vitamins are synthesized.
F) Insulin is produced.
Rationale: Nutrients are absorbed, wastes are collected and eliminated, and vitamins are synthesized in the digestive system.
A hospitalized older adult asks the nurse how he acquired Clostridium difficile while taking an antibiotic medication. Which is the best response by the nurse?
A) “All clients in the hospital are at risk for developing the problem.”
B) “It is a consequence of being older and having health issues.”
C) “The administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics can disrupt the normal microbial balance and allow overgrowth of species.”
D) “It is the result of using a generic medication in place of your home medication.”
C) “The administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics can disrupt the normal microbial balance and allow overgrowth of species.”
Rationale: The resident gut flora provides a crucial line of resistance to colonization by exogenous microbes and therefore is highly protective against invasion of tissues by pathogens. The administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics can disrupt the microbial balance and allow overgrowth of species with potential pathogenicity, such as Clostridium difficile
Which statement is true concerning food digestion?
A) Pepsin helps to digest food in the small intestine.
B) Protein digestion begins in the stomach.
C) Monosaccharides cannot be absorbed.
D) Proteins are broken down by carbohydrates.
B) Protein digestion begins in the stomach
Rationale: Protein digestion begins in the stomach with the action of pepsin. Pepsin cannot act in the small intestine, as it is broken down by the alkaline pH in the gastro intestinal tract. Proteins do not break down carbohydrates, and monosaccharides can be absorbed.
When discussing pathogens that can invade the gastrointestinal tract, the nurse will likely discuss which type of cell that signals the gastrointestinal immune system to attack pathogens to kill them before they can cause manifestations of an illness?
A) Antigen-resenting cells
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) Microfold cells
D) Lymphocytes
B) Cytotoxic T cells
Rationale: T cells exposed to antigen in Peyer patches also migrate into the epithelium, where they mature to cytotoxic T cells, providing a mechanism for containing microbial assaults. Microfold cells are located in the intestinal epithelium where they have the ability to take up antigen from the lumen of the small intestine and transport them to underlying tissue. Antigen-resenting cells receive antigens from M cells and present them to T cells, leading ultimately to appearance of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the mucosa. B lymphocytes predominate in Peyer patches, which are similar to lymph nodes in the gastrointestinal tract.
Which hormones identified as having an incretin effect account for about 90% of this effect? Select all that apply.
A) Gastrin
B) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
C) Ghrelin
D) Secretin
E) Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
B) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
E) Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
Rationale: The incretin effect refers to hormones that increase insulin release after an oral glucose load. The two hormones that account for about 90% of the incretin effect are GLP-1 and GIP. The other listed gastrointestinal hormones do not have this effect.
Which nerve plexus controls the motility along the length of the gut?
A) Myenteric
B) Intramural plexuses
C) Mechanoreceptors
D) Submucosal
A) Myenteric
Rationale: The myenteric plexus controls motility along the length of the gut, while the submucosal plexus controls the function of each segment of the intestinal tract. Mechanoreceptors monitor the stretch and distention of the GI tract wall. Intramural plexuses consists of submucosal and myenteric plexus.
Which type of nervous system response can cause a marked decrease in mucous production, leaving the area susceptible to irritation, thereby causing ulcer development in the durodenum?
A) Parasympathetic inhibition
B) Peripheral nervous system inhibition
C) Central nervous system increase.
D) Sympathetic stimulation
D) Sympathetic stimulation
Rationale: Brunner glands secrete large amounts of alkaline mucus that protects the duodenum from digestive enzymes. They are influenced by autonomic nervous system activity. For example, sympathetic stimulation causes a marked decrease in mucous production, leaving this area more susceptible to irritation. As a result, ulcers are four times more likely to occur in the duodenum than in the stomach.
A client asks the nurse to explain the digestive tract layers because the client is experiencing upper GI problems. When talking about the mucosa layer, the nurse will emphasize that the roles/functions of this layer consist of: Select all that apply.
A) beginning of the digestive process by secreting enzymes to break down food.
B) production of mucus to protect and lubricate the inner lining.
C) contracting of smooth muscles to propel food forward.
D) supporting the abdominal viscera with its connective tissue.
A) beginning of the digestive process by secreting enzymes to break down food.
B) production of mucus to protect and lubricate the inner lining.
Rationale: The inner layer is the mucosal layer that produces mucus. This mucus protects and lubricates the inner lining of the GI tract lumen. Secretion of digestive enzymes and substances that break down food, absorption of the breakdown products of digestion, and maintenance of a barrier to prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic organisms also occur in the mucosal layer. Contracting of smooth muscles to propel food forward occurs in the muscularis externa layer. Supporting the abdominal viscera with its connective tissue is the role of the serous layer.
Which would be considered the function of secretory glands in the gastrointestinal tract? Select all that apply.
A) To increase gastric motility through muscle contraction
B) To release gas from carbohydrate metabolism
C) To secrete fluid and enzymes to aid in digestion
D) To produce mucus to lubricate the wall of the gastrointestinal tract
C) To secrete fluid and enzymes to aid in digestion
D) To produce mucus to lubricate the wall of the gastrointestinal tract
Rationale: Secretory glands produce mucus to lubricate the gastrointestinal tract and secrete fluid and enzymes to aid in digestion
What is true regarding the process of absorption? Select all that apply.
A) The reabsorption of water occurs mainly in the small intestines.
B) It is the process by which nutrients are moved through the GI tract.
C) The transport of amino acids requires the presence of the intrinsic factor.
D) The process involves active transport.
E) The process involves diffusion.
B) It is the process by which nutrients are moved through the GI tract.
D) The process involves active transport.
E) The process involves diffusion.
Rationale: Absorption is the process of moving nutrients and other materials from the external environment in the lumen of the GI tract into the internal environment. Absorption is accomplished by active transport and diffusion. The absorptive function of the large intestine focuses mainly on water reabsorption. A number of substances require a specific carrier or transport system. For example, vitamin B12 is not absorbed in the absence of intrinsic factor, which is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach. Transport of amino acids and glucose occurs mainly in the presence of sodium. Water is absorbed passively along an osmotic gradient.
Absorption is a major function of the GI tract. How is absorption accomplished in the GI tract?
A) Active transport and diffusion
B) Active transport and osmosis
C) Osmosis and diffusion
D) Diffusion and inactive transport
A) Active transport and diffusion
Rationale: Absorption is accomplished by active transport and diffusion.
A student is comparing the two patterns of contractions in the small intestine. Which statement is most accurate?
A) “Segmentation waves function mainly to mix the chyme with the digestive enzymes from the pancreas.”
B) “Peristaltic movements drive the contents forward and backward.”
C) “The frequency of segmenting activity decreases after a meal.”
D) “Peristaltic movements begin in the cecum.”
A) “Segmentation waves function mainly to mix the chyme with the digestive enzymes from the pancreas.”
Rationale: There are two patterns of contractions in the small intestine: segmentation and peristaltic contractions. Segmentation waves drive the contents forward and backward. They function mainly to mix the chyme with the digestive enzymes from the pancreas and their frequency increases after a meal. Peristaltic movements begin in the duodenum.
