Nurs 116 Quiz 2

Question 1

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 1

branch of pharmacology that is concerned with how drugs produce change and differences in patient responses to medications

Question 2

what is the frequency of distribution curve?

Answer 2

graphical representation of the number of individuals who respond to a drug at different doses

Question 3

What’s the median effective dose?

Answer 3

the dose of the middle of the frequency distribution curve

Question 4

What does higher therapeutic index mean?

Answer 4

safer drug

Question 5

What’s the calculation for therapeutic index?

Answer 5

TD50/ED50

Question 6

What is the median lethal dose (LD50)?

Answer 6

dose of drug that will be lethal in 50% of the population

Question 7

what is the margin of safety?

Answer 7

amount of drug that will be lethal to 1% (LD1) of the population divided by the dose that produces therapeutic effect in 99% of animals (ED99)

Question 8

what is the graded dose response relationship?

Answer 8

describes how the therapeutic response to a drug changes as the medication dose is increased

Question 9

what are the 3 phases of dose-response curve?

Answer 9

1. Phase 1 - at lowest
2. phase 2 - straight line portion of the curve - shows degree of response
3. phase 3 - plateue - increasing dose doesn’t change anything -

Question 10

why is there no effect in phase 3 of the dose-response curve?

Answer 10

1. receptors occupied
2. no additional relief needed

Question 11

what is potency?

Answer 11

dose of medication required to produce a particular response

Question 12

what is efficacy?

Answer 12

the magnitude of maximum response to a drug

Question 13

what do analgesics do?

Answer 13

relieve severe pain

Question 14

how do drugs that are more potent work?

Answer 14

produces a therapeutic effect at a lower dose compared to another drug in the same class

Question 15

why is efficacy more important than potency?

Answer 15

average dose is unimportant to the client but headache relief is essential

Question 16

how is mechanism of action explained?

Answer 16

drugs don’t create new actions in the body - rather, they enhance or inhibit existing physiological & biochemical processes

Question 17

what is cell signalling?

Answer 17

it is a process part a complex system of communication that enables cells to perceive & correctly respond to their environemet

Question 18

what are receptor ligands?

Answer 18

molecules that activate or inhibit receptors

Question 19

what are examples of ligands?

Answer 19

hormones, nuerotransmitters, cytokines, or growth factors

Question 20

how does information that cells recieve get processed?

Answer 20

through signalling pathways

Question 21

what is the receptor theory?

Answer 21

explains the mechanism by which most drugs produce their effects

Question 22

how do agonist affect cells?

Answer 22

they stimulate cells

Question 23

how do antagonist affect cells?

Answer 23

inhibit receptors

Question 24

what are the 2 types of beta receptors & where are they found?

Answer 24

B1- heart
B2 - lungs

Question 25

what are receptors made of?

Answer 25

3-dimensional protein + a cellular plasma membrane

Question 26

what does the extracellular structural component of a receptor consist of?

Answer 26

several protein subunits arranged around a central canal/channel + transmembrane segements

Question 27

what is the structure of a voltage gated channel?

Answer 27

single strand with 4 domains, each with 6 transmembrane segments
ion pore

Question 28

what is the structure of the chemical-gated channels?

Answer 28

5 strands joined in a pentamer, each with 4 transmembrane segments
Ion pore + binding site

Question 29

what is the structure of g-protein-linked channel?

Answer 29

one strand with 7 transmembrane segments
ion pore (g-protein-linked channel)
binding site

Question 30

what happens when drugs bind to receptor?

Answer 30

a serioes of second messenger events will occur - these biochemical cascades initiate the drug’s action by either stimulating or inhibiting normal drug activity of cell

Question 31

what are non-specific cellular responses?

Answer 31

• these are responses exhibated by drugs that act independently of cellular receptors

Question 32

what are examples of agents that have non-specific mechanisms?

Answer 32

1. ethyl alcohol
2. general anesthetics
3. osmotic diuretics

Question 33

what are the main types of drug-receptor interactions?

Answer 33

1. agonists
2. partial agonists
3. antagonists

Question 34

what are the drugs that compete for receptor binding?

Answer 34

• agonists, partial agonists, antagonists

Question 35

what are agonists?

Answer 35

drugs that produce the same type of response as the endogenous substance - mimics

Question 36

what is an example of agonist drug interaction?

Answer 36

• bethanechol binds to acetylcholine receptors in the ANS and produces same actions as acetylcholine

Question 37

what are partial agonists?

Answer 37

drugs that produce weaker, or less efficacious response than an agonist

Question 38

what is antagonist drugs?

Answer 38

drugs that occupy a receptor and prevent the endogenous chemical from acting

Question 39

what are examples of antagonist drugs?

Answer 39

1. protamine sulfate = anti-dote to heparin (anti-coagulant)
2. naloxone (narcan) = antagonist to opiods

Question 40

what are functional antagonists?

Answer 40

inhibit the effects of anantagonist not by competing for a receptor but by changing the pharmacokinetic factors.

Question 41

what is pharmacogenetics?

Answer 41

area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetic variation in drug response

Question 42

what is the lymphatic system?

Answer 42

primary organ system that protects the body from invasion

Question 43

what is the lymphatic system made up of?

Answer 43

network of cells, vessels and tissues that provide immune surveilance

Question 44

what is lymph?

Answer 44

the fluid that leaves capillaries due to osmotic forces and high pressure in the capillaries which then enters the blind-ended lymphatic vessels and begins its journey in the lymphatic system

Question 45

what is the function of lymph nodes?

Answer 45

these are the main lymphoid organs in the body in which the lymph must pass through to catch any pathogens.

Question 46

what is the structure of lymph nodes?

Answer 46

solid, spherical bodies that are packed with macrophages and lymphocytes to recognize anything that is “non-self”

Question 47

what are lymphoid tissues?

Answer 47

they line the connective tissues and contain lymphocytes at the portal of entrance of the body - GI tract

Question 48

what are the lymph organs?

Answer 48

larger collection lymph tissues - tonsils, spleen and thymus

Question 49

what is innate body defences?

Answer 49

body’s first line of defence against pathogens
presnt before an infection has occured
aka non-specific as they can’t differentiate pathogens and respond same

Question 50

what are the 3 types of non-specific body barriers?

Answer 50

1. physical barriers
2. Cellular barriers
3. Process barriers

Question 51

what’s included in physical bariers?

Answer 51

1. skin - forms mechanical barrier
2. mucuous membranes - lines portals of entry

Question 52

what’s included in cellular barriers?

Answer 52

1. Phagocytes - ingest antigens
2. Natural killer cells - directly attack virus-infected and cancer cells
3. interferons - proteins secreted by cells infected by viruses - stimulate the activity of phagocytes & NK cells

Question 53

what’s included in process barriers?

Answer 53

1. complement - promotes inflammation & phagocytosis
2. fever - systemic response that increases body temperature
3. Inflammation - releases substances that attract phagocytes