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Patho: neuro, pain, fluid balance > Nurological Phys > Flashcards

Nurological Phys Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves associated with vision, what nerve number and which are sensory, motor and/or both

A
  • Optic (II) sensory
  • Oculomotor (III) motor
  • Trochlear (IV) motor
  • Abducens (VI) motor
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2
Q

What are the 3 cranial nerves (and nerve number) are associated with:
facial feeling, mastication; taste anterior, facial expression; and taste posterior, swallowing.

A
  • Trigeminal (V) both: facial feeling and mastication
  • Facial (VII) both: taste (anterior), facial expression
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX) both: taste (posterior), swallowing
"glosso"= tongue
"pharyngeal"= throat
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3
Q

What cranial nerve (and number) is associated with the sense of smell?

A

Olfactory (I)

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4
Q

What single cranial nerve (and number) is associated with the sense of hearing, balance and equilibrium?

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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5
Q

What single cranial nerve (and number) is associated with involuntary visceral organs? (interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract)

A

Vagus (X) both

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6
Q

What single cranial nerve (and number) is associated with the ability to shrug (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles)

A

Accessory (XI) motor

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7
Q

The nervous system is organized to:

A

1-Detect changes (from stimuli) in the internal and external environment (inside and outside body)

2- Evaluate (CNS) the level and type of stimuli

3- Respond by initiating changes in muscles or glands or not initiating change

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8
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of what?

A

brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of what?

A 
Cranial nerves (12)
Spinal nerves (31)
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10
Q

Afferent (arriving- ascending) neurons are what?

A

sensory, Receptors to CNS

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11
Q

Efferent (exiting- descending) neurons are what?

A

motor, From CNS to effector organ (muscles or glands)

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12
Q

Autonomic NS uses what kind of activation?

what 2 NS is it broken into; what do they control?

A

voluntary activation (command to skeletal muscle)

  • Sympathetic “fight or flight”
  • Parasympathetic “Rest and digest”
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13
Q

Somatic NS uses what kind of activation?

what neurotransmitter is used?

A 
involuntary activation (command to glands, smooth and cardiac muscle)
-ACH
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14
Q

Neuron vs Glia (glial cells)

what do they do?

A
  • pick up info. can carry it away, unidirectional

- helping supporter cells. They help neurons and other cells function properly in the nervous system.

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15
Q

Neuroglia are what?

A

Support cells (5–10x more numerous than neurons)

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16
Q

Oligodendrocytes:

A

CNS, myelinating cells

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17
Q

Schwann cells:

A

PNS (the only one in PNS), myelinating cells

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18
Q

Ependymal cells:

A

CNS, make and circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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19
Q

Astrocytes:

A

CNS, wrap around capillaries in brain and spinal cord, to feed neuron glucose. Create a blood brain barrier (BBB)- allow neurons to get what they need and protect them from things that could be harmful (Selectivity)

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20
Q

Microglia:

A

CNS, macrophage (clean up)

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21
Q

RESTING Electric Potential:
where is K+
where is Na+
where is Ca++

A

1) K+ > INside of cell
2) Na+ > OUTside of cell
3) Ca2+ > OUTside :induces muscle contraction

Sodium and Calcium is in the same place

INSIDE of the CELL - High K, Low Na
OUTSIDE of the Cell - High Na, Low K

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22
Q

what is Action Potential?

A

the rapid change and propagation of a chemical membrane potential.

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23
Q

In general terms how is an impulse sent down an axon?

A

Stimulus changes the charge other voltage gated channels open causing a chain reaction of increasing positive and then negative charge
Depolarization and Repolarization/Hyperpolarization

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24
Q 
what is the process of an Action Potential of a nerve cell?
Resting
Threshold
Rising
Falling
Hyperpolarization
A

-Resting Phase
-Threshold
-Rising Phase = Depolarization (action potential)
(Facilitated transport of Na+ in)
-Falling Phase = Repolarization
(Facilitated transport of K+ out)
-Hyperpolarization = more K+ out than Na+ in
-Refractory Period = Depo to RP (Needs Na/K ATPase to reset)

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25
Q

Myelination = Saltatory Conduction

what does this do for conduction of impulse down an axon?

A

Rather than having to travel down the entire length of an axon, the impulse can “skip” ahead resulting in much faster conduction.

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26
Q

Gray Matter (grey cortex):

A

outer layer of brain, inner layer of spinal cord. Neuron body: communication between neurons, thinking, evaluation, processing.

27
Q

White Matter:

A

inner layer of brain, outer layer of spinal cord. Neuron axon (myelinated= fast processing).

28
Q

Name 5 neurotransmitters:

A 
ACH- skeletal muscle
Epinephrin/ norepinephrine 
Serotonin
GABA
Dopamine
29
Q

Synaptic bouton

A

vesicles containing neurotransmitters

30
Q

what are the 3 protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
what is between these layers?

A

“these layers PAD the brain”
-Pia mater: layer touching the brain
Subarachnoid space: CSF
-Arachnoid
Subdural space: veins, veinous drainage
-Dura matar: “tough mother” outer most layer

31
Q

What makes and circulates CSF?

A

choroid plexus (Ependymal glia cells)

32
Q

what are meninges?

A

Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

33
Q

What does the CSF do?

A

is a pressure cushion and delivers electrolytes

34
Q

choroid plexus

A

a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain. It is derived from the pia mater and produces the CSF.

35
Q

What is the Frontal lobe responsible for?

A

behavior, intelligence, memory, movement

36
Q

What is the Parietal lobe responsible for?

A

intelligence, language, reading, sensation

37
Q

What is the Temporal lobe responsible for?

A

behavior, hearing, memory, speech, vision

38
Q

What is the Occipital lobe responsible for?

A

vision

39
Q

What is the Cerebellum responsible for?

A

balance, coordination

40
Q

What is the Brain Stem responsible for?

A

BP, breathing, consciousness, heart beat, swallowing, RAS

41
Q

RAS

A

Reticular Activating System:
a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness.

42
Q

what is a reflex arch?

A
  • Receptor activates an afferent sensory neuron
  • Sends impulse to spinal cord for evaluation
  • An efferent motor neuron then sends info. to
  • An effector neuron which activates a motor response
43
Q

What do stretch receptors do?

A

detect unauthorized or extensive stretch.

Then send a sensory impulse to a motor neuron to contract muscle and prevent over stretch

44
Q

How are the vertebrae organized?

A
  • breakfast: 7 cervical
  • lunch: 12 thoracic
  • dinner: 5lumbar
45
Q

How are the spinal nervers organized?

A
  • slept in breakfast: 8 cervical
  • lunch: 12 thoracic
  • dinner: 5 lumbar
  • dessert: 6 sacral (* 1 is a coccygeal nerve*)
46
Q

How do you recognize a Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG)?

what type of neuron is it?

A

it has a knob on the nerve cord

sensory neuron

47
Q

What mnemonic is used to describe sensory and motor neurons location and job?

A

SAID: Sensory Afferent In Dorsally

MOVE: Motor Out Ventral Efferent

48
Q

What do afferent sensory neurons do?

A

carry nerve impulses from stimulus to CNS and brain

49
Q

What do efferent motor neurons do?

A

carry nerve impulses from the CNS and brain to the effector neuron activating movement

50
Q

Myotomes:

A

(motor) the relationship between the spinal nerve and muscle
eg: Pt. has motor activation above the umbilicus but not bellow, may had spinal cord injury at the 10th thoracic ventral nerve.

51
Q

Dermatomes:

A

(sensory) the relationship between the spinal nerve and skin.
The are of the skin supplied by a single specific spinal nerve root.
eg: Pt. has sensory feeling above the umbilicus but not bellow, may had spinal cord injury at the 10th thoracic dorsal nerve.

52
Q

Sympathic is what?

How does it manifest?

A

“fight or flight” Protection response, removes body from homeostasis

  • increase respiratory rate (increases O2)
  • increased HR
  • increase BP
  • increased brain activity
  • increase epinephrine
  • increase sweat secretion
  • mydriasis (pupils dilate)
  • decrease GI (constriction of blood flow to smooth muscle)
53
Q

Parasympathic is what?

How does it manifest?

A

“rest and digest” Maintaining homeostasis

  • decrease BP
  • decrease HR
  • miosis (contraction of pupil)
  • increase GI activity
54
Q

Miosis

A

contraction of pupil

55
Q

Mydriasis

A

pupils dilate

56
Q

Sympathetic have what type of pre/ post ganglionic fibers?

What is the reaction like?

A

Short pre
long post

very quick reaction

57
Q

Parasympathetic have what type of pre/ post ganglionic fibers?

What is the reaction like?

A

Long pre
short post

precise organ interaction

58
Q

What type of receptor does epinephrine/ norepinephrine signal?

A

Adrenergic

59
Q

What type of receptor does ACH signal?

A

Cholinergic

60
Q

What is the neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic NS?

A

ACH

61
Q

What is the neurotransmitter is used by the sympathetic NS?

A

Short preganglioic fibers “cholinergic” -ACH

Long postganglioic fibers “Adrenergic” -norepinephrine

62
Q

Why are the same neurotransmitter not released at the heart?

A

because then the heart reaction wold be the same to different “fight or flight” and “rest and digest”

63
Q

Can neurons repair?
CNS
PNS

A

CNS: limited by increased scar formation and different type of oligodendrcytes

PNS: limited repair, generally only in schwann cells

Patho: neuro, pain, fluid balance (4 decks)

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