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Patho: neuro, pain, fluid balance > Neurological Patho > Flashcards

Neurological Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Fever

  • what it is
  • benefits
A

-temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat

  • kills many pathogenic microorganisms
  • increases reactions and pathways in cells than may increase defense mechanisms
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2
Q

Pyrogens

A

fever inducing substances released during the inflammatory respponce

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3
Q

Hyperthermia

  • what it is
  • symptoms
  • cause
A
  • elevation of the body temp w/o an increase in the hypothalamic set point
  • nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, death
  • therapeutic, accidental (heat exposure), associated with stroke or head trauma
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4
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A

a rare inherited muscular disorder

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5
Q

Hypothermia

  • what it is
  • symptoms
  • cause
A
  • body temo less than 35C resulting in the formation of ice crystals inside cells causing them to rupture and die
  • slows rate of metabolism, increases blood viscosity, slows blood, blood coagulation, vasoconstriction
  • therapeutic: slow metabolism and preserve ischemic tissue during surgery
  • Accidental: sudden immersion in cold water or prolonged exposure to cold
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6
Q

NREM vs REM Sleep

A

NREM: 75-80% of sleep time, deep sleep, processing and compartmentalizing, parasympathetic activity increased

REM (rapid eye movement): 20-25% of sleep time, occurs every 90 min beginning after 1-2hr sleep

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7
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

  • what it is
  • cause
A
  • respiratory condition

- caused by total or partial upper airway collapse

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8
Q

Narcolepsy

  • what it is
  • cause
A
  • primary hypersomnia, A chronic sleep disorder that causes overwhelming daytime drowsiness.
  • Associated with immune-mediated destruction of hypocretin-secreting cells in the hypothalamus
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9
Q

Visual Dysfunctions

-cause

A

damage to cranial nerve II, IV, VI
II- Optic
IV- Trochlear
VI- Abducens

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10
Q

Strabismus

  • what it is
  • symptoms
A
  • deviation of the eye (lazy eye)

- results in decreased focal vision

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11
Q

Nystagmus

  • what it is
  • cause
A
  • one or both eyes are shaky

- genetic, alcohol intoxication

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12
Q

Glaucoma

  • what it is
  • cause
A
  • increased intraocular pressure

- damage to rods and cones

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13
Q

Myopia

A

-nearsighted, can see things near

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14
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsighted, can see things far away

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15
Q

Astigmatism

A

uneven cornea surface resulting in multi focal points

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16
Q

Meniere Disease

  • what it is
  • cause
  • symptoms
A
  • Disruption in both vestibular (inner ear, balance) and hearing function
  • unknown
  • periods of vertigo (spinning sensation), hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing), fullness in ears
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17
Q

Otitis Externa

  • what it is
  • cause
  • symptoms
A
  • Infection of the outer ear
  • prolonged moisture
  • earache
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18
Q

Otitis Media

  • what it is
  • who it effects
A
  • infection of the middle ear

- pediatric patients

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19
Q

Vestibular Nystagmus

A

eyeball inflammation resulting in eyeball shakiness

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20
Q

Vertigo

  • cause
  • symptoms
A

-inflammation, build up in inner ear

  • spinning sensation
  • NO hearing loss
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21
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

-what it does

A

responsible for overall level of consciousness.

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22
Q

Arousal

  • what it is
  • what it is controlled by
A
  • state of awakeness

- controlled by the RAS

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23
Q

Awareness

A

encompasses all cognitive functions and mood

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24
Q

Decorticate

A

Abnormal posturing in which a person is stiff with bent arms, clenched fists, and legs held out straight.
Extreme rigidity
Symptoms will be contralateral to lesion

This type of posturing is a sign of CNS damage in the brain

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25
Decerebrate
Abnormal body posture where the arms and legs are held straight out, the toes are pointed downward, and the head and neck are arched backward. Extreme rigidity Symptoms will be ipsillateral (same side) to lesion This type of posturing usually means there has been severe damage to the brain stem (thus WORSE PROGNOSIS b/c the brain stem controls vital function)
26
Brain Death (total brain death) - what it is - Symptoms
- irreversible loss of entire brain (including brain stem and cerebellum) - the brain can no longer maintain internal homeostasis - unresponsive coma, apnea, pupils dilated; fixed; no reflext, flat EEG (electroencephalogram: a test used to find electrical activity of the brain), no ocular response.
27
Cerebral Death - what it is - Symptoms
- irreversible coma due to death of the entire cerebral hemispheres (excluding the brain stem and cerebellum) - the brain continues to maintain internal homeostasis - no behavioral response - some patients progress through, remain in coma, enter a vegetative state, progress to a minimally conscious state (MCS), locked-in syndrome
28
what can cause alterations in awareness?
- ischemia - compression or effects of toxins - chemicals - metabolic disorders
29
Seizures - what they are - cause
- excessive discharges of cortical neurons. | - The electrical impulse short circuits and explodes across the synapse
30
Convulsion
tonic-clonic (jerky, contract-relax) movements
31
Partial Seizure
only part of the brain surface is affected during seizure. Focal and unilateral
32
Generalized seizure
the entire brain surface is affected. | bilateral
33
What is postictal state? | what is the main concern?
the period post seizure when the brain has been depleted of ATP. Potential of passing out
34
Cerebral Edema
- increased fluid in the brain - maybe caused by inflammation from injury - can lead to ICP
35
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
caused by increase in intracranial content (tumor, edema, excessive CSF, hemorrhage)
36
Hydrocephalus - what is it - cause
- excess fluid w/i the cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space, or both - caused by interference in the CSF flow
37
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
alteration of brain function caused by external force
38
focal brain injury | open vs closed
- Focal: local, contusion, brain bleed - open: penetrating trauma, breaks the dura, exposes cranial contents, typically loss of consciousness - closed: blunt trauma, dura remains intact, coup or countercoup, impact of brain on on skull causes contusions
39
diffuse brain injury
-diffused: general
40
Coup vs countercoup (focal brain injury)
- coup: brain impacts the front of the skull - countercoup: brain impacts the back of the skull side impact: coup is when the head hits the blunt force, countercoup is when it snaps back and hits the opposite side of the skull
41
Contusions (focal brain injury)
brain bruising/ bleeding from broken blood vessels
42
Epidural, subdural and intracerebral hematomas (focal brain injury)
Epidural: blood between skull and dura. can be a fast bleed, loss of consciousness, easiest to treat Subdural: blood between the dura and the arachnoid. **can be the most fatal b/c pt. may not know that they have a brain bleed (may feel like a bad headache) Intracerebral: (aneurysm) blood bellow the archnoid and pia (inside brain tissue).
43
Axonal Damage (diffused brain injury)
acceleration/ deceleration or rotational force. shearing, stretching, tearing nerve fibers. cannot be repaired in CNS.
44
concussion vs diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
concussion: blow to the head, either with or without loss of consciousness and can lead to temporary cognitive symptoms. DAI: axons are sheared as the brain rapidly accelerates and decelerates. loss of consciousness for >6hr
45
Concussion Symptoms
headache, confusion, lack of coordination, amnesia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), Dysarthria, fatigue, change in personality
46
mild concussion vs Classic Cerebral Concussion
Mild: no loss of consciousness, confusion lasting minutes, possible amnesia Cerebral: loss of consciousness >6hr amnesia, confusion lasting hours to days
47
what causes Spinal cord injury
traumatic injury of vertebral and neural tissues as a result of pulling, compressing, or shearing forces
48
Paralysis: quadriplegia paraplegia hemiplegia
Cervical injury lumbar injury contralateral injury (stroke)
49
Cerebral Vascular Accidents (CVA) - what is it - 3 types
-Stroke: caused by interruption of good blood flow - Ischemic (clot leading to a lack of blood flow leading to hypoxia then narcosis) - hemorrhagic (blood leaks into brain tissue) - Associated with hypoperfusion
50
Ischemic Stroke thrombotic embolic hypoperfusion
- thrombus (blood clot) that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain - Fragments that break from the thrombus (blood clot) formed outside the brain - inadequate blood supply to the brain
51
Hemorrhagic Stroke - cause - what happens
-hypertension -bleeding causes compressed brain tissue. leads to ischemia, edema, increased ICP, necrosis
52
Meningitis - what it is - symptoms
- inflammation of the fluid and membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. - swelling of the CNS -headache, fever, a stiff neck
53
Aseptic vs Bacterial Meningitis
Aseptic: "non-bacterial", viral Bacterial: more concerning
54
Encephalitis - what it is - what causes is
infection (typically viral) of the brain and spinal cord. Fever Arthropod- borne (mosquito, tick), or herpes
55
Alzheimer's - what it is - what causes is - symptoms
Decrease axonal transmission, observable atrophying in the brain - Neurofilrillary (tau) tangles - Amyloid Plaques 1st- short term memory loss 2nd- loss of ability to speak 3rd- loss of ability to walk
56
Parkinson's - what it is - what causes is - symptoms
Degeneration of the basal ganglia. decreased production of dopamine (leading to excessive ACH). The lack of inhibition from dopamine leads to over stimulation of ACH. Excessive ACH results in tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement) 1st- tremor in hands, lack of balance 2nd- short term memory loss
57
ALS - what it is - what causes is - symptoms
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis unknown etiology 1st- loss of ability to walk (muscle atrophy) 2nd- loss of ability to speak 3rd- respiratory failure Retain normal intellectual and sensory function Usually fatal within 3yr
58
MS - what it is - what causes is - symptoms
Multiple Sclerosis progressive, inflammatory, demylinating disorder of the CNS Autoimmune of unknown origin more common in women Cytotoxic T cells kill myelinating glial cells 1st- loss of ability to walk 2nd- short term memory loss 3rd- visual disturbances and urinary incontinence
59
GB - what it is - what causes is - symptoms
Guillain- Barre demyelination of peripheral nerves (schwan cells). Acute onset ascending motor paralysis from immunologic reaction usually triggered by respiratory or GI infection. recovery w/i weeks to months Symptoms: fatigue, weakness
60
MG - what it is - symptoms
Myasthenia Gravis Chronic autoimmune disease attacking neuromuscular junctions. An IgG antibody is produced against ACH receptors on skeletal muscle ``` Symptoms: weakness and fatigue of muscles, eyes, and throat. Cause Diplopia (double vision), difficulty chewing, talking or swallowing ```
61
Difference between meningitis and encephalitis
- Meningitis: is an infection of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. - Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain itself

Patho: neuro, pain, fluid balance (4 decks)

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