Nuremberg code

Question 1

Ten ethical principles for human experimentation developed in 1947

Answer 1

nuremberg code

Question 2

what was the nuremberg code a result of?

Answer 2

trials held in nuremberg, germany at the end of WWII involving medical professionals accused of murder and torture in the conduct of medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners

Question 3

Principle 1: what is absolutely essential?

Answer 3

voluntary consent

Question 4

principle 2:

1) what should the experiment yield?
2) the experiment should be ____ by other methods or means of study?
3) the experiment should not be what and what?

Answer 4

1) fruitful results for the good of society
2) unprocurable
3) random and unnecessary in nature

Question 5

principle 3: what should the experiment design be based on?

Answer 5

the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of natural history of the disease or other problems under study

Question 6

principle 4: experiments should be conducted to void what?

Answer 6

unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury

Question 7

principle 5: no experiment should be conducted where there is a reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur except when?

Answer 7

in experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects

Question 8

principle 6: what should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment?

Answer 8

the degree of risk

Question 9

principle 7: what 3 things should experimental subjects be protected against even with remote possibilities?

Answer 9

injury, disability, death

Question 10

principle 8: who should conduct experiments?

Answer 10

scientifically qualified persons

Question 11

principle 9: a subject can end the experiment when he reaches what?

Answer 11

physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems impossible

Question 12

principle 10:

1) what should scientists be prepared for?

Answer 12

terminating the experiment at any stage if there is probably cause to believe in the exercise of good faith, superior skill and careful judgement required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the subject

Question 13

when was the code written?

Answer 13

1947

Question 14

two publicized examples of ethical abuses in research

Answer 14

Willowbrook studies, 1956-1970

Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study, 1963

Question 15

what happened in the Willowbrook Studies?

Answer 15

children with intellectual disabilities were deliberately infected with hepatitis

Question 16

what happened in the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study?

Answer 16

live cancer cells injected into 22 cognitively impaired patients

Question 17

when was the Tuskegee Syphillis Study conducted?

Answer 17

1932-1972

Question 18

what act was passed due to the hearings in front of US Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare in response to Tuskegee, prisoner research, Willowbrook, and more in 1973?

When was the act passed?

Answer 18

National Research Act, 1974 (Title 45, Part 46)

Question 19

what was the final report published in 1979 by the National Commission on recommendations for regulating human subjects research?

Answer 19

The Belmont Report