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NUR 352 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define infection

A

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissue

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2
Q

Chain of infection

A

-infectious agent
-reservoir
-portal of exit
-mode of transmission
-portal of entry
-susceptible host

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3
Q

COI: infectious agent

A

-bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite, protozoa

-potential to cause disease depends on: # present, virulence, ability to enter and survive in host, susceptibility of host

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4
Q

COI: reservoir

A

-place where microorganisms survive and multiply

-common reservoirs = humans, animals, insects, food, water, inanimate surfaces

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5
Q

COI: portal of exit

A

-means by which infectious agent leaves the reservoir
-ex. nose, mouth, orifices

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6
Q

COI: mode of transmission

A

-airborne, contact (direct or indirect), droplets, vehicles

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7
Q

COI: portal of entry

A

any orifice or breakdown of skin

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8
Q

COI: susceptible host

A

-depends on host’s level of immunity and virulence (strength and # of microbes)

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9
Q

Risk factors for HAIs

A

-long hospital stays
-use of indwelling catheters
-failure to wash hands properly
-overuse of antibiotics
-invasive procedures
-age/immunocompromised
-nutritional status
-use of central line
-use of ventilator

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10
Q

Tier 1 vs. tier 2 precautions

A

tier 1: standard precautions
tier 2: contact precautions, droplet precautions, airborne precautions, protective precautions

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11
Q

4 major types of HAIs

A

-Central line-associated bloodstream infections
-Surgical site infections
-catheter-associated UTIs
-ventilator-associated pneumonia

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12
Q

Standard precautions

A

-used for all patients
-use alcohol-based products for no visible soil
-use soap and water for visible soil
-enable safety devices and sharps container
-disposable/disinfect patient care equipment
-proper handling of laundry

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13
Q

Contact precautions

A

-protection against direct or indirect contact with contagious infection

-equipment:
-standard precautions
-private room
-gloves
-gown
-disposable BP cuff, thermometer, stethoscope, goggles

–ex. C.diff, MRSA, RSV

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14
Q

Droplet precautions

A

-droplets > 5 microns
-transmissible 3-6 ft from patient
-contact precautions and surgical mask

-ex. streptococcal pneumonia, influenza, mumps, pertussis (whopping cough)

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15
Q

Airborne precautions

A

-infectious droplets < 5 microns
-private room with negative pressure airflow, N95 mask, face protection

-ex. measles, varicella, tuberculosis,, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

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16
Q

Protective precautions

A

-used to protect immunocompromised patients
-private room, positive airflow (filtered air in), surgical mask worn by patient outside of room

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17
Q

What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for Clostridium difficile (C. diff)?

A

Precautions: contact
Considerations: wash hands with soap and water

C. diff is a bacteria that causes diarrhea and colitis (inflammation of the colon)

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18
Q

What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus)?

A

Precautions: contact
Considerations: easy HAI; prevent with good hygiene

MRSA is a type of bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics. Staph infection can become severe and cause sepsis if left untreated

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19
Q

What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for Measles?

A

Precautions: contact and airborne
Considerations: MMR vaccine, highly transmissible through cough/sneeze/rash

Measles is a childhood infection that is an acute viral respiratory illness, causes fever, cough, runny nose, and rash

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20
Q

What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for Influenza?

A

Precautions: droplet
Considerations: flu vaccine

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21
Q

What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for hepatitis C?

A

Precautions: contact
Considerations: no isolation needed; spreads via blood contact

Hep C is a liver infection

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22
Q

What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for tuberculosis?

A

Precautions: airborne
Considerations: no initial symptoms, then manifested by cough, weight loss, night sweats, and caseous necrosis

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection of the lungs

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23
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

-type of cell death that causes tissues to become “cheese-like” in appearance
-most common cause is tb

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24
Q

What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for Meningococcal Meningitis?

A

Precautions: droplet
Considerations: headaches, light sensitivity, neck/shoulder pain

Meningitis is an infection/inflammation of the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges

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25
What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)?
Precautions: contact Consideration: most common in children RSV is a common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms, but can be severe
26
What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for Hepititis A?
Precautions: contact Considerations: no isolation needed, self-resolving, spread through fecal-oral route Hep A is a liver infection that causes inflammation of the liver
27
What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for Norovirus?
Precautions: contact Considerations: can acquire via travel outside US Norovirus is highly contagious vomiting and diarrhea (norovirus causes the stomach flu)
28
What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for pertussis?
Precautions: droplet Considerations: "whoop sound" Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection
29
What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for Mumps (infectious parotitis)?
Precautions: droplet Considerations: spread via cough and sneeze Mumps is a viral infection that affects the salivary glands (makes the parotid glands below the ears swell)
30
What are some nursing considerations and isolation precautions for Varciella Zoster?
Precautions: airborne Considerations: viral infection from varicella, treat outbreaks with acyclovir
31
Medical vs Surgical Asepsis
-Medical asepsis: "clean" technique, reduce and prevent spread of microorganisms -Surgical asepsis: "sterile" technique, kill all microorganisms and their spores
32
Secondary prevention
early detection through screening and preventing it from getting worse ex. Pap smear screens for cervical cancer
33
Styles of communication
-passive -assertive -aggressive -passive agressive
34
passive communication
want to avoid conflict so individual says nothing or simply agrees
35
assertive communication
honest and clear communication that does not violate the rights of others -uses "I" statements
36
aggressive communication
communication that is verbally and sometimes physically abusive -uses "you" statements
37
passive agressive communication
communication that appears passive on the surface but is demonstrating anger in a subtle, indirect, or secretive way
38
What is the importance of feedback?
Feedback allows the sender and the receiver know that the message was properly understood. ex. constructive criticism, nodding, smiling
39
What is ISBARR?
a standardized approach to hand off communications between nurses and other members of the healthcare team
40
ISBARR acronym and details
I: Introduction; identify self and title S: Situation; identify situation you are calling/reporting about, patient, room number, briefly state the problem B: Background; what are the circumstances leading up to this situation? patient history, vital signs, labs, meds A: Assessment; what is the nurses assessment of the situation? R: Recommendation; what should be done to correct the problem? Make a specific statement or request. R: review/repeat to decrease risk of error
41
Types of immunity
innate, adaptive, passive
42
innate immunity
"natural" immunity
43
adaptive immunity
"active" immunity developed throughout our lives via exposure or vaccination (artificial active)
44
passive immunity
"borrowed" immunity from another source and lasts a short time ex. breastmilk
45
nonspecific vs specific immunity
specific immunity: lymphocytes (B & T cells) and antibodies bind to specific infectious agents and call WBC to destroy them nonspecific: (neutrophils and macrophages) phagocytes eat and destroy any microorganisms or foreign bodies
46
local vs systemic infection
local: confined to one area of the body, can be treated with topical or oral antibiotics systemic: spread to the bloodstream to infect entire body, treat w IV antibiotics
47
What are the components of a general survey?
-Appearance: facial features, level of consciousness, eye contact, skin -Behavior: mood, speech, hygiene, grooming -Body structure/mobility: posture, range of motion, build -Height -Weight -BMI -Vital signs -Pain assessment ABB HWBVP ABB Hates When Branton Vetos Purchase
48
What are the components of health history?
PLEASE -Past medical history/pertinent family history, hospitalizations, surgeries, immunizations, health maintenance screenings -Last oral intake -Events leading up to illness of injury -Allergies/reactions -Symptoms of chief complaint -Each medication (OTC, herbal, prescription, vitamins
49
What are some functional health subjects to ask questions about?
stress, occupation, sleep, substances, self-concept, relationships, abuse, health literacy, spirituality, residence
50
What are some interview considerations?
-ethical (informed consent, autonomy, etc.) -developmental (age and education status) -environmental (enough light? any distractions? -cultural
51
What are the techniques used for physical assessment?
inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
52
inspection
observe patient, begins during general survey using vision, hearing smell -size, shape, color, symmetry, position
53
Palpation
use of touch -size, consistency, texture, temperature, location, tenderness of skin -various parts of hands detect different sensations
54
Percussion
tapping body parts with fingers/fists/small instruments -size and location of organs
55
Auscultation
listening to sounds with a stethoscope or doppler -diaphragm for high pitched sounds, bell for low pitched sounds
56
subjective data vs objective data
subjective: what the patient tells you objective: what can be observed or recorded
57
tachycardia
100 bmp or greater
58
bradycardia
60 bmp or less
59
pulse deficit
difference between apical and radial rate
60
dysrhythmia
irregular heart rhythm
61
bradypnea
regular breathing patterns less than 12/min
62
hyperpnea
rate, depth, and work of breathing increased (ex. during exercise)
63
tachypnea
regular breathing pattern greater than 20/min
64
hyperventilation
deep breathing with increased rate, leads to decreased CO2 levels and hyper-oxygenation
65
Delegation
assigning performance of an activity/task to unlicensed assistive personnel while retaining accountability for the outcome
66
hyperthermia
greater than 104.4 F
67
hypothermia
less than 95 F
68
nursing actions for hyperthermia
-obtain specimens -obtain lab results -provide fluids, rest, antipyretics -comfort measures for chills, dry clothing and linens
69
nursing actions for hypothermia
-warm environment -heated humidified oxygen -warming blanket -warmed oral/IV fluids -head covered -continuous cardiac monitoring -emergency resuscitation equipment on standby
70
abd abbreviation
abdomen
71
ac or a.c. abbreviation
before meals
72
ad lib abbreviation
at liberty (patient can move freely)
73
BID or b.i.d. abbreviation
twice a day
74
BK abbreviation
below the knee
75
BP abbreviation
blood pressure
76
Cath abbreviation
catheter
77
CBC abbreviation
complete blood count
78
c/o abbreviation
complains of
79
CPR abbreviation
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
80
C & S
culture and sensitivity
81
CXR abbreviation
chest x-ray
82
DNR abbreviation
do not resuscitate
83
DX abbreviation
diagnosis
84
FBS abbreviation
fasting blood sugar
85
GI abbreviation
gastrointestinal
86
gtt abbreviation
drop
87
H&H abbreviation
hemoglobin and hemocrit
88
HOB abbreviation
head of bed
89
hr abbreviation
hour
90
hx abbreviation
history
91
ICU abbreviation
intensive care unit
92
I&O abbreviation
inputs and outputs
93
IV abbreviation
intravenous
94
LLE abbreviation
left lower extremity
95
LMP abbreviation
last menstrual period
96
LOC abbreviation
level of consciousness
97
LUE abbreviation
left upper extremity
98
MI abbreviation
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
99
MRSA abbreviation
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
100
NG abbreviation
nasogastric
101
NKA abbreviation
no known allergies
102
NKDA abbreviation
no known drug allergies
103
NPO abbreviation
nothing by mouth
104
N&V or N/V abbreviation
nausea and vomiting
105
OOB abbreviation
out of bed
106
PRN abbreviation
as needed
107
q abbreviation
every
108
r/o abbreviation
rule out
109
rx abbreviation
prescription
110
stat abbreviation
immediately
111
TID abbreviation
three times a day
112
Tx abbreviation
treatment
113
UA abbreviation
urinalysis
114
wt abbreviation
weight

NUR 352 (4 decks)

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