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Physics > Nucs > Flashcards

Nucs Flashcards

1
Q

What is Isobaric Transition?

A

Means that Mass did not Change

Ex: Beta emission, Positron emission and electron capture

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2
Q

What is Beta Positive Decay (positron emission)?

A

-Positron is released that runs into an electron and creates two 511 kEV photons in opposite directions.

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3
Q

How are tracers produced?

A
  1. Bombardment

2. Fission

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4
Q

How does a Nuclear Reactor Work?

A
  • Use Neutrons to Bombard the Target element

- Must clean up the parent element

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5
Q

How does a cyclotron work?

A
  • Use Charged aprticles to bombard the Target element

- Results in a transmutation (Carrier Free w/o cleanup)

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6
Q

How does fission work?

A
  • Neutrons are fired into atoms which makes a bunch of elements
  • Need to filter out the element you want.
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7
Q

What is Physical, biological and effective half life?

A
  • Physicial: Time to break down into half
  • Biological: Time to Excrete Half
  • Effective: Takes into account physical and biological
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8
Q

What is the formula for effective half life?

A

1/Effective=1/Physical + 1/Biologiacal

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9
Q

How are sensitivity and resolution related in a collimator?

A
  • Inverse relationship

- high sensitivity= more photon counts but worse spatial resolution

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10
Q

How do distance, Septal Length and collimator width affect sensitivity and resolution?

A
  • Distance has no effect on sensitivity
  • Distance Affects resolutions
  • Longer Septal Length: Better Spatial resolution but worse sensitivity
  • Wider Holes: Better Sensitivity, Worse spatial resolution
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11
Q

What does a pinhole collimator do?

A
  • It Magnifies and Inverts the image
  • Magnification is Pinhole to image/Pinhole to object
  • Poor Sensitivity
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12
Q

How do converging and diverging collimators work?

A
  • Converging Magnifies without inverting

- Diverging Minimizes

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13
Q

How does the scintillation Crystal affect sensitivity and spatial resolution?

A

-Thicker Crystal: Increases sensitivity, Decreases Resolution

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14
Q

What does the Photomultiplier tube do?

A
  • Converts light to electric signal
  • Records Location and Signal Intensity
  • More PMTs= Better resolution
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15
Q

What is the pulse height analyzer?

A

-Signal sent from the PMT that gets filtered so only the photons you want are recorded

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16
Q

WHat is the concept behind down scatter?

A

-Need to always measure the LOWER photon element first, bc higher ones will have downscatter and the PHA cannot discriminete between target and Scatter

17
Q

How do you test for Field Uniformity?

A
  • Flood Testing: Can the camera produce a uniform image along the entire image.
  • Limit is 2-5% nonuniformity (1% if SPECT)
  • Extrinsic WITH collimator is performed Daily
  • Intrinsic WITHOUT collimator is performed weekly
  • Counts should be about 10 million
18
Q

How do you test Energy Window?

A
  • Use a symmetric window at peak energy

- Test Daily

19
Q

How do you test for Image linearity and Spatial Resolution?

A
  • Place lead bar phantons between CO sheet and collimator

- Test Weekly

20
Q

How do you test for Center of Rotation?

A
  • Place 5 Tc axis points along the axis of rotation, and they should be straight
  • Test Monthly
21
Q

What is a Sodium Iodine Well Counter?

A
  • Small Gamma Camera with 1 PMT where you can put your sample to get a dose measurement.
  • Not good for over 5000 counts/sec
  • High Geometric Efficiency
  • Good for Blood Samples, Urine Samples and Wipe Tests
22
Q

What is a Geiger Mueller Counter?

A
  • Gas Filled chamber that detects low levels of radiation
  • Limit 100 mR/hr
  • Too high of a dose–> Dead Zone
23
Q

What is an Ion Chamber?

A

-Detects higher levels of radiation (0.1 to 100 R/hr)

24
Q

What is the QA on the dose calibrator?

A

CLAG

  • Consistency: DAILY, within 5% of computed activity
  • Linearity: QUARTERLY, checking for accurate readouts over a range of activities
  • Accuracy: INSTALLATION AND ANNUALLY, Checking for standard measurements of radiotracers compared to what the activity should be.
  • Geometry: INSTALLATION AND MOVEMENT, Correction for different position and size
25
Q

What constitutes a MAJOR spill?

A

> 1mCI of I 131
10mCI Ga 67, In111, I123
100 mCI TL201, Tc99m

26
Q

What is annual dose limit to public and limits in unrestricted and restricted areas?

A
  • General Public = 100mrem
  • Unrestricted <2mRem/hr
  • Restricted>2mRem/hr
27
Q

What are the occupational exposure limits?

A
  • Total Body (5 mSV)
  • Lens (150 mSV)
  • Organ Dose (500 mSV)
  • Extremity (500 mSV)
  • Fetus (5 mSV)
28
Q

What is the difference between a recordable and reportable medical event?

A

Recordable

  • Whole Body <5 Rem or 50 mSV
  • Single Organ <50 rem or 500 mSV

Reportable (Keep record for 5 years)

  • Whole Body >5 Rem
  • Single Organ>50 Rem
  • Call NRC and referring doctor within 24 hours
  • Write NRC letter within 15 days
  • Call Patient
29
Q

How to you handle White 1, Yellow 2 and Yellow 3?

A

Must test surface and 1 meter dose within 3 hours

-White 1: Surface

30
Q

What is the Thermal Indeix (TI)?

A

Maximum Dose at 1 meter at the time of shipping

White: NOne
Yellow 2: <1 mrem/hr
Yellow3>1mrem/hr

31
Q

What is the T1/2 Life equation?

A

=0.693/Decay Constant

32
Q

Where does Free Tech accumulate?

A

Stomach, Thyroid and Salivary Glands

33
Q

What is the limit of Radionuclide Purity?

A

<0.15 uCi of Mo 99 in 1mCi of Tc99 at the time of administration
-Test in Dose Calibrator with Lead Shielf

34
Q

What is Chemical Purity?

A
  • Amount of Aluminum
  • <10 uCi per 1 ML
  • Test with pH Paper
  • AlTc Will go to the liver
  • Al Sulfur colloid goes to the lungs
35
Q

What is Radiochemical Purity?

A
  • Amount of Free Tech in the Sample
  • Test with TLC
  • 95% NaTcO4
  • 92% Tc Sulfur colloid
  • 91% for all others
36
Q

What is the Critical Organ versus the Target Organ?

A
  • Critical Organ: Organ that limits dose due to susceptibility to Cancer
  • Target Organ: Organ you are trying to evaluate

Physics (10 decks)

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