NUCMED Flashcards
Radionuclides may be produced in a __ by adding __ to a stable nuclide.
- 59Co + __ → 60Co, which is called ____; neutron activation.
nuclear reactor; neutrons
Reactor-produced radionuclides generally decay by a __
beta minus process.
Radionuclides may be produced in __ where ___ (e.g., protons or deuterons) are added to stable nuclides.
– 201Hg + deuteron → 201Tl + two neutrons
cyclotrons; charged particles
Cyclotron-produced radionuclides can decay by a __ and also by
beta plus process and electron capture.
15Oxygen is produced in a __ and is a ___
cyclotron and is a positron emitter.
123Iodine is produced in __ and decays __
cyclotrons and decays via electron capture.
Radionuclides may also be produced as __ when heavy nuclides break up.
fission products
In nuclear medicine, __are used to produce radionuclides that are short lived.
* In a __, the useful radionuclide (daughter) is continuously produced by the radioactive decay of a longer-lived (parent) radionuclide.
* In __, the parent half-life is __than that of the daughter.
generators ; longer
Technetium-99m and rubidium-82 are obtained from __
NM generators
99mTc is obtained from 99Mo and emits __, and 82Rb is obtained from ___.
gamma rays (isomeric transition); 82Sr and is a positron emitter
Technetium radiopharmaceuticals (16)
Technetium-99m- Apcitide (AcuTect)
Technetium-99m- Depreotide / NeoTect (DI)
Technetium-99m- HIDA (iminodiacetic acid) (DI)
Technetium- 99m- DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) /Succimer (DI)
Technetium-99m- Exametazime /Ceretec and HMPAO (DI)
Technetium-99m- Macro aggregated albumin (MAA) (DI)
Technetium-99m-Medronate(Methyenediphosphonate) (MDP) (DI)
Technetium-99m- Mertiatide / MAG3 9 (DI)
Technetium-99m- Bicisate / Neurolite (DI)
Technetium-99m- Pentetate / DTPA (DI)
Technetium-99m- Pyrophosphate (DI)
Technetium-99m- RBCs (DI)
Technetium-99m- Sestamibi / Cardiolite (DI)
Technetium-99m- Sodium pertechnetate (DI)
Technetium-99m- Sulfur colloid (DI)
Technetium-99m- Tetrofosmin / Myoview
Iodinated radiopharmaceuticals (3)
Iodine-123- Sodium Iodide
Iodine-125- Albumin (DNI)
Iodine-131- Sodium Iodide
Gallium and Indium (5)
Gallium-67- Citrate (DI)
Indium-111- Capromab pendetite ( ProstaScint)
Indium-111- Pentetreotide (Octreoscan)
Indium-111- Satumomab pendetide (OncoScint)
Indium-111- WBC
Thallium Chloride (1)
Thallium-201- Thallous chloride (DI)
PET radiopharmaceuticals (2)
Fluorine-18- Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) (DI)
Kr-18- krypton gas-81m
Therapeutic Radiopharmaceutical
Iodine-131- Sodium Iodide
Chromic phosphate 32p
Strontium-89- Chloride (Metastron)
A damaged technetium generator may permit 99Mo to break into the __.
saline elute
99Mo has gamma ray energy levels of __
181, 740 and 780 keV.
- __ breakthrough results in an unnecessary and high radiation dose to the patient.
- Breakthrough __ degrades image quality because of __
99Mo; septal penetration.
is used to determine the content of 99Mo each time the generator is eluted.
dose calibrator
can also break through into the saline.
* __ interferes with the proper formation of 99mTc radiopharmaceutical kits.
Alumina
__ is used to test for alumina breakthrough.
Color indicator paper
relates to the presence of unwanted radionuclides in the sample.
* Contaminant radionuclides are identified by their (distinctive) photopeak energies using __
* An example of a radionuclide impurity is the presence of ___ in 99mTc.
* 201Tl may contain 202Tl.
* Radionuclide purity is mainly checked by the manufacturer
Radionuclide purity; gamma ray spectroscopy; 99Mo
__ is the chemical purity of the isotope.
* __ is used to check radiochemical purity.
* __in 99mTc labeled DTPA (Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate) is a radiochemical contaminant.
Radiochemical purity; Thin-layer chromatography ; Free pertechnetate
separates compounds that are soluble in saline.
Chromatography
refers to the amount of unwanted chemical contaminants in the agent
Chemical purity
means that the radiopharmaceutical is free of any microbial contamination.
* Even if a preparation is sterile, it may still contain pyrogens, which may cause a reaction if administered to a patient.
Sterility
should be performed before the agent is administered to a patient.
* __ are performed on each batch of ___.
Sterility and pyrogenicity tests; short-lived radionuclides
The __ is evaluated by using a source that radiates the whole crystal.
* Irradiation of the whole crystal may be achieved using a sheet source, or a point source at a distance.
* The ____ is checked daily
photopeak window of the PHA ; photopeak window
is the ability of the scintillation camera to reproduce a uniform distribution of activity.
Field uniformity
Differences in the PMT response and transmission of light in the crystal contribute to __
Nonuniformities of greater than __ from the mean are unacceptable for clinical imaging.
non-uniformity; ±5%
Modern cameras have a uniformity of better than __ between adjacent areas.
2%
- Field uniformity is commonly checked daily by placing a __ made of __in front of the camera.
- __ have a size that is comparable to the scintillation camera dimensions.
large-area disc made of 57Co; 57Co discs
57Co emits __ and half-life of __
122 keV photons and has a half-life of 270 days.
are obtained with the collimator in place and will assess the system performance including the collimator.
Extrinsic flood images
are performed without the collimator and assess the performance of NaI crystal and associated light detectors.
Intrinsic floods
Resolution (i.e., the ability to separate two points) is checked using a __.
___ have four sets of parallel bars, with each rotated through 90 degrees, with dimensions of__
* Bar pattern phantoms also check for linearity (i.e., ability to image straight lines).
quadrant bar phantom; 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0 mm.
is an ionization chamber used to measure the activity of a radioisotope dose.
* __ make measurements in __
* Each dose must be determined before injection into the patient.
* Measurements can be made in a ___ can be performed of the activity measured at a nuclear pharmacy at a reference time.
dose calibrator; MBq or mCi; dose calibrator, or a decay calculation
__ is checked daily by measuring the same standard source that has a long half-life.
* 137Cs has a half-life of __ and is therefore ideal for measuring calibrator constancy
* Day to day measurements should vary by less than __
* Accuracy is checked at installation and annually using calibrated sources.
Constancy; 30 years; 5%.
is checked quarterly by measuring the decay of 99mTc over 72hours or more.
Linearity
