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SEMIFINALS - 3RD YEAR TRANSES > NUCMED > Flashcards

NUCMED Flashcards

1
Q

Radionuclides may be produced in a __ by adding __ to a stable nuclide.
- 59Co + __ → 60Co, which is called ____; neutron activation.

A

nuclear reactor; neutrons

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2
Q

Reactor-produced radionuclides generally decay by a __

A

beta minus process.

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3
Q

Radionuclides may be produced in __ where ___ (e.g., protons or deuterons) are added to stable nuclides.
– 201Hg + deuteron → 201Tl + two neutrons

A

cyclotrons; charged particles

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4
Q

Cyclotron-produced radionuclides can decay by a __ and also by

A

beta plus process and electron capture.

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5
Q

15Oxygen is produced in a __ and is a ___

A

cyclotron and is a positron emitter.

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6
Q

123Iodine is produced in __ and decays __

A

cyclotrons and decays via electron capture.

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7
Q

Radionuclides may also be produced as __ when heavy nuclides break up.

A

fission products

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8
Q

In nuclear medicine, __are used to produce radionuclides that are short lived.
* In a __, the useful radionuclide (daughter) is continuously produced by the radioactive decay of a longer-lived (parent) radionuclide.
* In __, the parent half-life is __than that of the daughter.

A

generators ; longer

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9
Q

Technetium-99m and rubidium-82 are obtained from __

A

NM generators

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10
Q

99mTc is obtained from 99Mo and emits __, and 82Rb is obtained from ___.

A

gamma rays (isomeric transition); 82Sr and is a positron emitter

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11
Q

Technetium radiopharmaceuticals (16)

A

Technetium-99m- Apcitide (AcuTect)
Technetium-99m- Depreotide / NeoTect (DI)
Technetium-99m- HIDA (iminodiacetic acid) (DI)
Technetium- 99m- DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) /Succimer (DI)
Technetium-99m- Exametazime /Ceretec and HMPAO (DI)
Technetium-99m- Macro aggregated albumin (MAA) (DI)
Technetium-99m-Medronate(Methyenediphosphonate) (MDP) (DI)
Technetium-99m- Mertiatide / MAG3 9 (DI)
Technetium-99m- Bicisate / Neurolite (DI)
Technetium-99m- Pentetate / DTPA (DI)
Technetium-99m- Pyrophosphate (DI)
Technetium-99m- RBCs (DI)
Technetium-99m- Sestamibi / Cardiolite (DI)
Technetium-99m- Sodium pertechnetate (DI)
Technetium-99m- Sulfur colloid (DI)
Technetium-99m- Tetrofosmin / Myoview

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12
Q

Iodinated radiopharmaceuticals (3)

A

Iodine-123- Sodium Iodide
Iodine-125- Albumin (DNI)
Iodine-131- Sodium Iodide

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13
Q

Gallium and Indium (5)

A

Gallium-67- Citrate (DI)
Indium-111- Capromab pendetite ( ProstaScint)
Indium-111- Pentetreotide (Octreoscan)
Indium-111- Satumomab pendetide (OncoScint)
Indium-111- WBC

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14
Q

Thallium Chloride (1)

A

Thallium-201- Thallous chloride (DI)

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15
Q

PET radiopharmaceuticals (2)

A

Fluorine-18- Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) (DI)
Kr-18- krypton gas-81m

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16
Q

Therapeutic Radiopharmaceutical

A

Iodine-131- Sodium Iodide
Chromic phosphate 32p
Strontium-89- Chloride (Metastron)

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17
Q

A damaged technetium generator may permit 99Mo to break into the __.

A

saline elute

18
Q

99Mo has gamma ray energy levels of __

A

181, 740 and 780 keV.

19
Q
  • __ breakthrough results in an unnecessary and high radiation dose to the patient.
  • Breakthrough __ degrades image quality because of __
A

99Mo; septal penetration.

20
Q

is used to determine the content of 99Mo each time the generator is eluted.

A

dose calibrator

21
Q

can also break through into the saline.
* __ interferes with the proper formation of 99mTc radiopharmaceutical kits.

A

Alumina

22
Q

__ is used to test for alumina breakthrough.

A

Color indicator paper

23
Q

relates to the presence of unwanted radionuclides in the sample.
* Contaminant radionuclides are identified by their (distinctive) photopeak energies using __
* An example of a radionuclide impurity is the presence of ___ in 99mTc.
* 201Tl may contain 202Tl.
* Radionuclide purity is mainly checked by the manufacturer

A

Radionuclide purity; gamma ray spectroscopy; 99Mo

24
Q

__ is the chemical purity of the isotope.
* __ is used to check radiochemical purity.
* __in 99mTc labeled DTPA (Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate) is a radiochemical contaminant.

A

Radiochemical purity; Thin-layer chromatography ; Free pertechnetate

25
Q

separates compounds that are soluble in saline.

A

Chromatography

26
Q

refers to the amount of unwanted chemical contaminants in the agent

A

Chemical purity

27
Q

means that the radiopharmaceutical is free of any microbial contamination.
* Even if a preparation is sterile, it may still contain pyrogens, which may cause a reaction if administered to a patient.

A

Sterility

28
Q

should be performed before the agent is administered to a patient.
* __ are performed on each batch of ___.

A

Sterility and pyrogenicity tests; short-lived radionuclides

29
Q

The __ is evaluated by using a source that radiates the whole crystal.
* Irradiation of the whole crystal may be achieved using a sheet source, or a point source at a distance.
* The ____ is checked daily

A

photopeak window of the PHA ; photopeak window

30
Q

is the ability of the scintillation camera to reproduce a uniform distribution of activity.

A

Field uniformity

31
Q

Differences in the PMT response and transmission of light in the crystal contribute to __
Nonuniformities of greater than __ from the mean are unacceptable for clinical imaging.

A

non-uniformity; ±5%

32
Q

Modern cameras have a uniformity of better than __ between adjacent areas.

A

2%

33
Q
  • Field uniformity is commonly checked daily by placing a __ made of __in front of the camera.
  • __ have a size that is comparable to the scintillation camera dimensions.
A

large-area disc made of 57Co; 57Co discs

34
Q

57Co emits __ and half-life of __

A

122 keV photons and has a half-life of 270 days.

35
Q

are obtained with the collimator in place and will assess the system performance including the collimator.

A

Extrinsic flood images

36
Q

are performed without the collimator and assess the performance of NaI crystal and associated light detectors.

A

Intrinsic floods

37
Q

Resolution (i.e., the ability to separate two points) is checked using a __.
___ have four sets of parallel bars, with each rotated through 90 degrees, with dimensions of__
* Bar pattern phantoms also check for linearity (i.e., ability to image straight lines).

A

quadrant bar phantom; 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0 mm.

38
Q

is an ionization chamber used to measure the activity of a radioisotope dose.
* __ make measurements in __
* Each dose must be determined before injection into the patient.
* Measurements can be made in a ___ can be performed of the activity measured at a nuclear pharmacy at a reference time.

A

dose calibrator; MBq or mCi; dose calibrator, or a decay calculation

39
Q

__ is checked daily by measuring the same standard source that has a long half-life.
* 137Cs has a half-life of __ and is therefore ideal for measuring calibrator constancy
* Day to day measurements should vary by less than __
* Accuracy is checked at installation and annually using calibrated sources.

A

Constancy; 30 years; 5%.

40
Q

is checked quarterly by measuring the decay of 99mTc over 72hours or more.

A

Linearity

SEMIFINALS - 3RD YEAR TRANSES (5 decks)

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