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Cell biology > Nucleus and nucleic acids > Flashcards

Nucleus and nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Phosphoric acid
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous bases

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2
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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3
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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4
Q

what is the double helix called? and what forms this double helix?

A

It’s called the sugar-phosphate backbone, formed by the pentose sugar and phosphoric acid

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5
Q

What is adenine complimentary to?

A

Thymine

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6
Q

What is Cytosine complimentary to?

A

Guanine

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7
Q

What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?

A

Nucleoside: Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base
Nucleotide: Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base + phosphate

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8
Q

What’s the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded
DNA has a deoxyribose sugar, RNA has a ribose sugar
DNA has a nitrogenous base pair, RNA has a single nucleobase
DNA has Thymine; RNA has Uracil
RNA has an OH group in carbon 2; while DNA does not have that OH

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9
Q

Which nucleic acid is the most abundant in cells?

A

RNA is the most abundant

Approximately 90% of the nucleic acid within cells is RNA, and the remainder is DNA, which is the repository of genetic information

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10
Q

Which bonds contribute to the stability of the sugar-phosphate backbone? (double helix)?

A

Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals forces
Hydrophobic interactions

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11
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does adenine form with thymine?

A

2 bonds

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12
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does Cytosine form with Guanine?

A

3 bonds

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13
Q

How is DNA packaged in the nucleus?

A

-DNA strands, which are negatively charged, become tightly wound around a positively charged protein called histones. They are then packaged in chromosomes

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14
Q

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA?

A

Helicase

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15
Q

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA?

A

Helicase

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16
Q

What stabilizes the unwound parental DNA during replication? (to prevent the strands from winding up again)

A

Single Strand Binding Protein

17
Q

In which direction is the DNA synthesized?

A

5’——> 3’ direction

18
Q

What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing DNA?

A

DNA polymerase enzyme

19
Q

How is the lagging strand synthesized?

A

The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. The primase enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment. After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing fragment.

20
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication.

A
  1. Helicase unwinds the double helix
    2.Single Strand Binding Protein stabilizes the DNA stands, preventing them from winding up.
  2. DNA polymerase then synthesizes the leading strand continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
  3. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. The primase enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer which is extended by DNA polymerase, creating an Okazaki fragment.
  4. After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA, the enzyme DNA ligase binds the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand.
21
Q

The high fidelity and accuracy of DNA replication is due to?

A
  1. Substrate specificity and proofreading function of DNA polymerase
  2. Efficiency of post-replication DNA mismatch repair
22
Q

What is the difference between leading and lagging strand?

A

The leading strand is synthesized from 5’ to 3’ direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized from 3’ to 5’ direction

23
Q

List the stages of mitosis in their order

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

IPMAT :)

24
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

DNA replication in preparation for cell division

25
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

-Spindle fiber formation
-Chromosomes become condensed

26
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

27
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the equator

28
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The chromatids of each chromosome are pulled to the poles of the cell

29
Q

What happens in Telophase

A

Cytokinesis occurs

30
Q

What is the period of cell growth that occurs before DNA replication?

A

G1 (growth) phase

31
Q

What is the period in which DNA is synthesized/replicated?

A

S (synthesis) phase

32
Q

What is the period after DNA replication but before cell division?

A

G2 phase

33
Q

What is the period of cell division called?

A

M (mitosis) phase

34
Q

The quiescent phase that a cell can enter after the M phase, when growth + replication cease, is called_______________

A

G-0

Cell biology (7 decks)

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