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EOM Test 2 > Nucleus > Flashcards

Nucleus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Membrane that is continuous with the ER and separates nuclear content from the cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

Meshwork of intermediate filaments underlying the inner nuclear membrane

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3
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

To control traffic between nucleus and cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is the function of the nuclear lamina?

A

Provides structural and functional support to the nucleus

Binds chromatin and other nuclear proteins

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5
Q

What are the three lamin proteins?

A

A

B

C

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6
Q

Describe laminA and C

A

Alternatively spliced products of single gene

Developmentally regulated

Disperse to the cytoplasm during mitosis

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7
Q

Describe the role of lamin B

A

Expressed in all cells

Modified by addition of isoprenyl group, which attaches protein to inner nuclear membrane

Binds inner nuclear membrane proteins such as emerin and lamin B receptor

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8
Q

How is lamin A modified and attached to the nuclear membrane?

A

A farnesyl group is added which attaches the protein to the nuclear membrane

This group is later removed

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9
Q

What is the role and function of the LINC complex?

A

Connects the nuclear lamina with the cytoskeleton

Can by any cytoskeletal protein

Plays a role in nuclear migration, nuclear integrity, and chromosome movement during cell division

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10
Q

Describe the nuclear pore complex.

A

Large complex that controls traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Small molecules diffuse freely

Large molecules require a mechanism

Made up of nucleoporins

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11
Q

What is the role of structural nucleoporins?

A

Forms a basic structural scaffold on the inner and outer nuclear membrane

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12
Q

What are FG-nucleoporins?

A

NPs that line the central channel and form a semi-permeable channel

Named due to presence of hydrophobic FG-repeats

F-phenylalanine

G-glycine

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13
Q

What is the role of the nuclear localization signal?

A

Sequence on protein that is responsible for binding importin to be carried into the nucleus

Basic amino acid sequence (Lys-Arg)

Also lys-rich sequences

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14
Q

What is one way of regulating protein import into the nucleus?

A

Blocking and unblocking the NLS

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15
Q

What is the nuclear export signal?

A

AA sequence responsible for binding exportin so that cargo can be carried out of the nucleus

Rich in Leu

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16
Q

What is Ran?

A

Guanine nucleotide binding protein

Binds GTP or GDP

Has GTPase functionality

17
Q

What is Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor? (GEF)

A

Exchanges GDP for GTP in Ran

Found in nucleus

18
Q

What is Ran GTPase activating protein? (GAP)

A

Facilitates the hydrolysis of GTP in Ran

Found in cytoplasm

19
Q

Describe Ran-dependent import.

A
  • Cargo/importin travels through NPC
  • GEF converts RanGDP->RanGTP
  • RanGTP binds importin, releasing the cargo
  • RanGTP/importin travel through NPC to cytoplasm
  • GAP makes Ran hydrolyze GTP to GDP and importin is free to bind again
20
Q

Describe Ran-dependent export

A
  • Cargo/Exportin/RanGTP travel through NPC to cytoplasm
  • GAP hydrolyzes RanGTP->RanGDP causing the release of the cargo
  • exportin and RanGDP travel through the NPC to the nucleus
  • GEF recharged RanGDP->RanGTP
21
Q

What is the role of NXF1/NXF2?

A

Binds to mRNA-protein complexes in order to transport mRNA out of the nucleus

22
Q

What is Dbp5?

A

RNA helicase that removes NFX1 and NXT1 from mRNA as soon as it reaches the cytoplasmic side.

Utilizes ATP

23
Q

What is the cause of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy?

A

Defect in emerin and lamin A/C that eventually affects the heart

24
Q

What is the etiology and symptoms of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria?

A

Defect in lamin A/C

Farnesyl stays attached causing the protein to pile up at the nuclear envelope.

Causes premature again, children die of old age around age 13

EOM Test 2 (20 decks)

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