Nucleus:

Question 1

lesson notes
what is Nucleus:

Answer 1

membrane bound control center of cell containing X-shaped structures X-shaped structure
consisting of a single DNA molecule.chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centro mere.

Question 2

what is Chromosome:

Answer 2

X-shaped structure
consisting of a single DNA molecule.

Question 3

what is DNA Molecule:

Answer 3

consists of genes, the
“code of life”

Question 4

what is Organism:

Answer 4

½ genes mom + ½ genes dad

Question 5

cell cycle
what is Interphase

Answer 5

chromosomes can not be seen; doubling of chromosomes; nuclear membrane present; 99% of cell life

Question 6

what is Prophase:

Answer 6

spindle fibers form; chromosomes seen (randomly arranged).

Question 7

what it Metaphase:

Answer 7

chromosomes line up in the Middle, no nuclear membrane.

Question 8

what it Anaphase:

Answer 8

chromosomes move Apart (Away)

Question 9

what it Telophase:

Answer 9

Two joined cells; two nuclear membranes form

Question 10

what it Cytokines’s:

Answer 10

Two separateddaughter cells form.

Question 11

what is Cell Division:

Answer 11

growth (embryo, fetus, infancy → adulthood) and
repair/immanence of an organism

Question 12

what is Asexual Reproduction (ex: bacteria, hydra, worms):

Answer 12

simple life 1 parent / 2 daughter cells parent/daughter cells identical appearance (genes) parent/daughter cell same number of chromosomes

Question 13

what is Sexual Reproduction

Answer 13

ex: animals, angiosperms) Two
parents (male, female) daughter cells are a mixture/combination of genes compared to the parent cell (by crossover)

parent to daughter cell different number of chromosomes

Parent 2x chromosomes compared to daughter cells

Daughter half (½) chromosomes compared to parent cell

Question 14

what is Organism (offspring):

Answer 14

½ alleles mom; ½ alleles dad “stronger ” Mixture of our parents (our dominant traits are usually shown; only if both parents have recessive alleles will be shown)

Question 15

what is Cancer:

Answer 15

abnormal cell division; uncontrolled
mitosis; certain DNA mutations cause cells to
divide in an uncontrolled way.

Question 16

what is CAUSE

Answer 16

Mutations are caused by:

1] Chemicals (carcinogens; ex: smoking,
gasoline, alcohol, fried foods)

2] Radiation (high dose; atomic bomb, nuclear
reactor meltdown Chernobyl (for Simon),
Ukraine)

3] Hereditary (ex: breast cancer)

Question 17

what is PREVENTION-

Answer 17

• avoid smoking, eat healthy diet,
  protect skin from bright sunlight. Vitamins may
  help.

Question 18

what is TREATMENT-

Answer 18

surgery, radiation, drugs,
immunotherapy.

Question 19

what is Body Systems:

Answer 19

Body organization & homeostasis

Skeletal

Muscular

Skin

Digestion

Nutrients, Food & Energy (Carb’s, Fats,
Proteins; calories)

Question 20

what is Body Systems:

Answer 20

Circulatory

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Excretory

Immune

Nervous

Endocrine

Reproductive

Human Development

Question 21

what it Being A Scientist:

Answer 21

Observation, Inference,
Scientific Method, Mass, Weight, Volume,
Density, Graphing, Dependent/Independent
Variable, Constant, Control, state of matter,
physical vs. chemical change, atom/element/
molecule/compound, phases of matter, phase
change.

Question 22

what is Weather/Meteorology:

Answer 22

Air composition & pressure, atmospheric layers,
greenhouse effect/global warming, heat transfer,
land/sea breezes, heating/cooling land & water,
water cycle, isolines, air masses, fronts,
hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, lake-snow
effect, weather maps.

Question 23

what is Waves & Sound:

Answer 23

Wave properties, Interaction of waves
(reflection/refraction/diffraction), EM Spectrum
helpful/harmful, ROYGBIV (frequency &
wavelength), Nature of Sound, Ear

Question 24

what is Light:

Answer 24

luminous, illuminated, transparent, translucent,
opaque, primary/secondary, complimentary
light colors, prism, pigments, color math, filters,
reflection & mirrors, refraction and lenses,
human eye (near & farsightedness)

Question 25

what is Energy & Environment:

Answer 25

Forms of energy, potential/kinetic, energy
transformations, Law of conservation of
energy, renewable/nonrenewable, ball & ramp,

wind power, hydroelectric, solar power

Question 26

what is Electricity & Magnetism:

Answer 26

Electric charges, static electricity, electric
current, conductors & insulators, voltage &
resistance, battery, series & parallel circuits,
magnetism, electromagnetism

Question 27

what need Gene

Answer 27

allele (dad) + allele (mom)

Question 28

what is Allele

Answer 28

is the (part of gene) = T or t

Question 29

what is Purebred

Answer 29

(homozygous)= same alleles (gene);
TT, tt

Question 30

what is Hybrid

Answer 30

(heterozygous)= mixture of alleles; Tt

Question 31

what is Dominant

Answer 31

capital and shows itself (strong); Tt, TT

Question 32

what is Recessive =

Answer 32

often hidden (weak); tt

Question 33

what is Offspring =

Answer 33

is the children

Question 34

what is Genotype

Answer 34

the genetic makeup of an organism

Ex: TT, Tt, tt

Question 35

what is Phenotype =

Answer 35

the physical observable appearance of
an organism. Ex: tall, short

Question 36

what is Punnett Squares:

Answer 36

is a technique used to predict what
percentage of offspring (children) will be likely to
have a particular trait (physical feature).

Question 37

what is Trait:

Answer 37

physical (behavioral) feature of organism

Question 38

to ex

Answer 38

What is the chance my child will have Down’s
syndrome?, autism? (genetic counselor’s-hospital)

What is the chance my child will have blue eyes?

What is the chance that I am carrying the breast

cancer gene?

What are the chances I will be bald?

Question 39

why was at

Answer 39

because the Punnett Square Method explains
F1 and F2 generation results