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Biochemistry II Final > Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids Flashcards

0
Q

What is the energy requirement for making GMP?

A

ATP

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1
Q

What is the energy requirement to make AMP?

A

GTP

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2
Q

What is the body’s preferred way of synthesizing purine nucleotides?

A

Salvage pathways

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3
Q

What must be available in order for salvage pathways to work?

A

Hypoxanthine

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4
Q

What effect does hypoxanthine have on amidophosphoribosyl transferase?

A

Inhibition

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5
Q

What is made when IMP is broken down?

A

Hypoxanthine

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6
Q

What is made when AMP is broken down?

A

Adenine

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7
Q

If we have the presence of hypoxanthine, what effect does that have on the committed step of the PRPP pathway?

A

It is inhibited & the salvage pathway is used

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8
Q

During degradation of purines to uric acid, nucleotides are converted into what?

A

Nucleosides

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9
Q

During the degradation of purines to uric acid, nucleosides are converted to what?

A

Free bases

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10
Q

During degradation of purines to uric acid, free bases are converted into what?

A

Common base (xanthine)

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11
Q

During degradation of purines to uric acid, what is xanthine finally converted into for excretion?

A

Uric acid

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12
Q

The breakdown of IMP leads to which nucleoside?

A

Inosine

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13
Q

The breakdown of IMP leads to which free base?

A

Hypoxanthine

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14
Q

The breakdown of XMP leads to which nucleoside?

A

Xanthosine

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15
Q

The breakdown of XMP leads to which free base?

A

Xanthine

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16
Q

The breakdown of GMP leads to which nucleoside?

A

Guanosine

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17
Q

The breakdown of GMP leads to which free base?

A

Guanine

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18
Q

The breakdown of AMP leads to which nucleoside?

A

Adenosine

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19
Q

The breakdown of AMP leads to which free base?

A

Hypoxanthine

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20
Q

Xanthine becomes uric acid by which enzyme?

A

Xanthine oxidase

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21
Q

Xanthine becomes uric acid why which type of redox reaction?

A

Oxidation

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22
Q

What is the final metabolic product of purine catabolism?

A

Uric acid

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23
Q

What is the condition caused by the accumulation of excess uric acid?

A

Gout

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24
Q

What is used to treat gout?

A

Allopurinol

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25
Q

What does allopurinol do?

A

Inhibits xanthine oxidase

26
Q

Is ATP necessary for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides?

27
Q

When is the ring made during the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides?

28
Q

Where is the location for carbamoyl phosphate during the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides?

29
Q

Where is the location of carbamoyl phosphate during the urea cycle?

A

Mitochondria of the liver

30
Q

What enzymes make up the ring formation?

A

CAD (carbamoyl phosphatase synthetase, aspartate transcarbamoylase, dihydroorotase) don’t need to know by name

31
Q

What is used during the oxidation step in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides?

A

Ubiquinone

32
Q

During purine synthesis, what is formed first?

A

Ribose addition

33
Q

What is CTP formed from?

34
Q

What changes UTP into CTP?

A

Adding a nitrogen donated from glutamine

35
Q

What is CTP?

A

Cytidine triphosphate

36
Q

What does a kinase do?

A

Adds a phosphate

37
Q

What are used in the salvage pathways as reactants for pyrimidines?

A

Uracil and thymidine

38
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reduction of a hydroxyl to form deoxynucleotides?

A

Ribonucleotide reductase

39
Q

Deoxy-TMP is unique to what structure?

40
Q

The reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides occurs only as what type of phosphate?

A

Diphosphates

41
Q

Does thymidine synthesis have its own pathway?

42
Q

What is the major difference between uracil and thymidine?

A

Methyl group

43
Q

What is utilized during thymidine synthesis?

44
Q

What is the coenzyme for thymidine synthesis?

A

Folic acid

45
Q

What is the main enzyme for thymidine synthesis?

A

Thymidylate synthase

46
Q

What pathway is stimulated by thymidine synthesis?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

47
Q

What are nitrogen donors for purines?

A

Aspartate, glutamine, glycine (GAG)

48
Q

What is both a nitrogen and carbon donor for pyrimidines?

49
Q

What is a nitrogen donor for pyrimidines?

A

Glutamine and aspartate

50
Q

What is a carbon donor for pyrimidines?

A

Bicarbonate

51
Q

What is a carbon donor for purines?

A

Carbon dioxide

52
Q

What is a carbon donor for purines and one pyrimidine (thymidine)?

A

Folic acid (THF)

53
Q

What is the starting material for the synthesis of purine nucleotides?

A

Ribose 5 phosphate

54
Q

Where does the ribose 5 phosphate come from as the starting material for the synthesis of purine nucleotides?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

56
Q

What is the precursor for AMP or GMP

A

IMP (inosine monophosphate)

57
Q

What is PRPP?

A

Ribose with a phosphate and a pyrophosphate

58
Q

What is PRPP used for?

A

To create both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides

59
Q

What is the nucleoside of adenine (free base)?

60
Q

What is the nucleoside of guanine (free base)?

61
Q

What is the nucleoside of hypoxanthine (free base)?

62
Q

What is the nucleoside of uracil (free base)?

63
Q

What is the nucleoside of cytosine (free base)?

64
Q

What is the nucleoside of thymine (free base)?

Biochemistry II Final (5 decks)

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