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Biochemistry II Final > Amino Acid Metabolism > Flashcards

Amino Acid Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Where are the majority of amino acids metabolized?

A

Liver

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1
Q

What is the location of amino acid metabolism?

A

Liver and peripheral tissues

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2
Q

Are amino acids stored in the body?

A

No

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3
Q

How do we attain amino acids?

A

Diet and synthesis

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4
Q

Where can free amino acids be found?

A

Cells, blood, extracellular fluid

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5
Q

Do we have a larger amino acid pool or body protein?

A

Body protein

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6
Q

About how many grams of amino acids are in the amino acid pool?

A

100-200 grams

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7
Q

What percentage and amount of grams of protein can be found in the average 70 kg person?

A

15-20% or 12 kilograms

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8
Q

About what percentage of protein is found in the amino acid pool?

A

Less than 2%

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9
Q

About how much of the amino acid pool is found in intracellular skeletal muscle?

A

1/2

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10
Q

What type of transport system is used for amino acid transport?

A

Active transport systems (ATP)

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11
Q

Can the amino acid carriers be induced?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What can happen if a transporter ends up taking in a lot of one particular amino acid?

A

Intake of other amino acids can become limited

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13
Q

Are peptides or free amino acids more likely to be absorbed?

A

Peptides are absorbed better

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14
Q

Where are peptides specifically broken down into free amino acids for the blood?

A

Enterocytes

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15
Q

What must occur first to break down an amino acid?

A

Removal of the alpha-amino group (nitrogen)

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16
Q

The majority of nitrogen broken off of amino acids during the initial break down step becomes what compound?

A

Urea

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17
Q

Where does nitrogen broken off of amino acids get sent?

A

Liver for degradation

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18
Q

Can nitrogen be stored in the body?

A

No

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19
Q

Nitrogen is excreted from the body as what compound?

A

Urea

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20
Q

What are two reasons that nitrogen gets sent to the liver?

A

Too much protein has been eaten or for gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

Most amino acids transfer their alpha-amino group to what structure?

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate (amino acid acceptor)

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22
Q

What is the result of transamination?

A

Glutamate and alpha-keto acid

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23
Q

What is the required coenzyme for transamination?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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24
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate is a derivative of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B6

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25
Q

What is transamination?

A

The transfer for the alpha-amino group of an amino acid to alpha-ketoglutarate

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26
Q

What enzyme is used for transamination?

A

Aminotransferases (transaminases)

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27
Q

What specific aminotransferase is used in muscle?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aka glutamate-pyruvate transaminases (GPT)

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28
Q

What is the specific aminotransferase used in the liver?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aka glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT)

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29
Q

Exercising muscle produces a lot of what substance which pushes the reaction to make what final product?

A

Pyruvate, alanine

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30
Q

A lot of what substance coming from the muscle going to liver drives the reaction to product what final product?

A

Alanine, pyruvate

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31
Q

What enzyme transfers amino groups from glutamate to oxaloacetate?

A

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

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32
Q

Are aminotransferases extra or intracellular?

A

Intracellular

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33
Q

During oxidative deamination, what is released?

A

Ammonia group as free ammonia (NH3)

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34
Q

What is the location of oxidative deamination of glutamate?

A

Liver and kidney

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35
Q

What type of energy level stimulates oxidative deamination?

A

Low energy charge

36
Q

The muscle primarily exports what two things to transport NH3 to the liver?

A

Glutamine or alanine

37
Q

What is glutamine?

A

Glutamate + ammonia

38
Q

What enzyme makes glutamine?

A

Glutamine synthetase

39
Q

Can glutamate be transported freely in the bloodstream?

A

No because it’s toxic (therefore, glutamine is used)

40
Q

Which specific amino acids may be the donors of nitrogen to make glutamine?

A

Leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamate, aspartate, and asparagine (LIV GAA)

41
Q

What process is heavily used for nitrogen excretion?

A

Urea cycle

42
Q

What is the specific location of glutamate dehydrogenase?

A

Mitochondria (but know it’s primarily in the liver)

43
Q

How does the liver “deal with” ammonia?

A

Makes urea out of it

44
Q

What enzyme deaminates glutamate?

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

45
Q

What is the other name for aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?

A

Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT)

46
Q

What enzyme is prime for the entry point into the urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl phosphatase

47
Q

What substance is required in order for carbamoyl phosphate to be effective in the first step of the urea cycle?

A

ATP

48
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate is used to move what substance to the liver?

A

The very first nitrogen

49
Q

The second nitrogen involved in the urea cycle is a part of what substance?

A

Aspartate (in the citrulline reaction)

50
Q

Urea is excreted from which organ?

A

Kidneys

51
Q

Where are the two nitrogens from for each urea molecule?

A

One from free ammonia (NH3) and one from aspartate

52
Q

What is the precursor for both nitrogens of a urea molecule?

A

Glutamate

53
Q

What determines what happens to an alpha keto acid?

A

Energy charge, hormones (insulin or glucagon), glucose concentration, tissue (liver or muscle)

54
Q

What happens to an amino acid with low energy charge?

A

It is oxidized to recreate ATP

55
Q

What happens to an amino acid when there is low glucose?

A

Amino acid is sent to the liver to turn into glucose

56
Q

Exercise has what effect on overall energy charge?

A

Creates low energy charge

57
Q

What happens to amino acids during exercise?

A

Oxidized to make ATP in Krebs/ETC

58
Q

What are the six amino acids that skeletal muscle is able to significantly oxidize?

A

Leucine, isoleucine, valine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine

59
Q

What pathway maintains blood glucose through gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose-alanine cycle

60
Q

Alanine provides about what percent of energy during exercise?

A

5%

61
Q

Where did the carbons in alanine come from?

A

Muscle glycogen

62
Q

Is there more glutamate intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular (>50 to 1 ratio)

63
Q

Moderate intensity exercise has what effect on alanine?

A

Increased concentration

64
Q

What effect does low intensity exercise have on alanine concentration?

A

No effect

65
Q

What effect does exercise have in glutamate concentration?

A

Decreased concentration

66
Q

The demand for ATP requires what pathway to become much more active?

A

Krebs (to replenish ATP)

67
Q

The breakdown of individual amino acids results in the formation of intermediates from which necessary pathway?

A

Krebs

68
Q

What does anaplerosis mean?

A

The replenishment of Krebs intermediates that have been depleted

69
Q

During exercise, does the glycolysis or Krebs pathway run faster?

A

Glycolysis

70
Q

What is the source of pyruvate for exporting amino acids?

A

Muscle glycogen

71
Q

What are branches chain amino acids primarily used for?

A

Fuel for the muscle

72
Q

What amino acids make up over 90% of muscle amino acid uptake?

A

Leucine, isoleucine, valine (LIV)

73
Q

Muscle is a prime donor of what substance?

A

Nitrogen

74
Q

What enzyme hydrolyzes glutamine to glutamate to go back to the muscle?

A

Glutaminase

75
Q

What specific are of the intestines constantly releases glutamate?

A

Splanchnic area

76
Q

After a meal, there is a large uptake of what?

A

Branches chain amino acids (BCAA) and glutamate

77
Q

The gut lacks sensitivity with uptake of what structure?

A

Branches chain amino acids

78
Q

What is the primary site of amino acid uptake following a meal?

A

Liver

79
Q

Which amino acids are released in amounts MORE than what is taken in?

A

Glutamine and alanine

80
Q

Which amino acids are released LESS than what is taken in?

A

BCAAs, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine

81
Q

What are the two most abundantly released amino acids?

A

Glutamine and alanine

82
Q

Alpha ketoacids that have been turned into acetyl coA can also be turned into what?

A

Fat

83
Q

Which two enzymes are eventually responsible for turning an amino acid into fat?

A

Acetyl coA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase

84
Q

What is alpha ketoglutarate’s corresponding amino acid?

A

Glutamate

85
Q

What is alanine’s corresponding amino acid?

A

Pyruvate

86
Q

What is glutamate’s corresponding keto acid?

A

Alpha ketoglutarate

87
Q

What is oxaloacetate’s corresponding amino acid?

A

Aspartate

Biochemistry II Final (5 decks)

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