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Molecules of life > Nucleotides, DNA and RNA > Flashcards

Nucleotides, DNA and RNA Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two nucleic acid bases?

A

Pyramidines
Purines

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2
Q

What are the base factors of pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine-C
Thymine-T
Uracil-U

**Can be a single six ring structure

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3
Q

What are the base factors of purines?

A

Adenine-A
Guanine-G

**Can be a double ring structure

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4
Q

What are the derivatives of pyrimidine/purine bases?

A

Nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic molecules

  • They are planar or almost planar

-Absorb UV light around 250nm.

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5
Q

What is the difference between Thymine and Uracil?

A

Thymine is a DNA base whereas Uracil is an RNA base.

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6
Q

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

At the 2nd Carbon there is hydrogen on deoxyribose and a hydroxide on ribose.

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7
Q

What is the pentose sugar ring attached to in nucleotides?

A

Nitrogenous base via a N-glycosidic bond.

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8
Q

Where is the N-glycosidic bond formed in pyramidines and purines?

A

The bond is formed to position N1 in pyrimidines and to position N9 in purines.

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9
Q

Describe the stability of the N-glycosidic bond?

A

This bond is quite stable toward hydrolysis, especially in pyrimidines.

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10
Q

What is the N-glycosidic bond cleavage catalsysed by?

A

Acid.

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11
Q

What kind of rotation does the N-glycosidic bond have?

A

Free rotation can occur around the g-glycosidic bond in free nucleosides and nucleotides.

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12
Q

Anticonformation is found in normal _-___

A

B-DNA

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13
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

Nitrogenous base+pentose sugar=nucleoside
nucleoside+phosphate group=nucleotide.

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14
Q

How do you distinguish between the carbon atoms of the pentose and of the nitrogenous base?

A

Carbons of the pentose are designated N’ to alleviate confusion.

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15
Q

What is chargaff’s rule?

A

In a DNA double strand, every A is paired with a T(every T with an A)

In a DNA double strand, every G is paired with a C(C with a G)

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16
Q

What is the conclusion from chargaff’s rule?

A

Any DNA double strand which follows the base-pairing rules must have equal amounts of A and T, and equal amounts of G and C.

BALANCED

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17
Q

What happens as a result of the polymerisation process?

A

the 5’ carbon and 3’ hydroxyl groups of the sugar in each repeating unit are connected by phosphate groups.

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18
Q

What does forming polymers involve?

A

Condensation

19
Q

The energy for the polymerisation process comes from the _________of the ________________group

A

hydrolysis
triophosphate

20
Q

Which base has do RNA and DNA have: Uracil or Thylamine

A

RNA: Uracil
DNA: Thymine

21
Q

Which way is a DNA strand read?

A

5’ to 3’ for the bases.

22
Q

How many hydrogen bonds connect pairs of bases?

A

AT pair has 2 hydrogen bonds.

GC base pair has 3 hydrogen bonds.

23
Q

Describe the arrangement of hydrogen bonds in relation to equidistant nucleotides?

A

The edges of the nucleotides are kept apart by the same distance, the DNA backbones are arranged EXACTLY PARALLEL in space.

24
Q

Bases are arranged exactly ________ to each other.

A

Parallel.

25
Q

Describe the arrangement of DNA in a helix?

A

Complementary
Antiparallel
Paired strands
Twist into a helical
confirmation

26
Q

How is a complementary DNA strand read?

A

3’ 5’ base

27
Q

How do nucleotides attach to each other in the DNA strand by?

A

Phosphodiester bonds.

bonded from 3’ to 5’

28
Q

Are T and C purine or pyrimidine?

A

Pyrimidine

29
Q

Are G and A purine or pyrimidine?

A

Purine.

30
Q

How long is each turn of the helix in base pairs?

A

10 base pairs
(10.4)

31
Q

What stacking stabilises the helix structure?

A

The stacking of the the bases.

32
Q

What is a pi-pi interaction in the DNA helix?

A

When the aromatic ring of a base stacks next to another and they share their electron probabilities.

33
Q

What do the major and minor groove do in the DNA helix?

A

Act as base pair recognition and binding sites for proteins

34
Q

What does the major groove contain?

A

base pair specific information

35
Q

What does the minor groove contain?

A

Base pair non-specific information.

36
Q

What is the choice of DNA form dependent on?

A

-Sequence
-Ionic conditions
-Temperature

37
Q

How can DNA double strands be seperated?

A

By heating or through the action of energy-expending enzymes.

38
Q

What is brownian motion?

A

Higher temperature, more movement of atoms in liquid and gases.

39
Q

Do DNA double strands stay together or separated by temperature above melting point?

A

Hydrogen bonds severed.
Melted into two strands.

40
Q

Does annealing occur in cold or heated temperatures?

A

Cold

**base pairing is annealing

41
Q

DNA denaturation is commonly monitored by UV spectrophotometry at ___ nm.

A

260nm

42
Q

How do complementary pieces of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) will form spontaneous double strands in solution?

A

Because their sequences match to allow base-pairing.

43
Q

What is the major reason for the differences between organisms?

A

Differences in the genomic DNA sequence.

Molecules of life (11 decks)

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