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biology > nucleotides and nucleic acids > Flashcards

nucleotides and nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

what is the monomer of DNA?

A

nucleotides

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2
Q

what is the name of the polymer formed?

A

polynucleotide

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3
Q

what is the name of the bond formed? And where is it formed?

A

phosphodiester formed between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose sugar of the next nucleotide

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4
Q

what holds the bases together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

give the name of the 4 bases and what pairs with what

A

cytosine, adenine, guanine and thymine, A-T and G-C

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6
Q

what is a purine structure?

A

double ring structure

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7
Q

what is a pyrimidine structure?

A

single ring structured

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8
Q

what are each of the bases

A

A&G are purine and C&T are pyrimidine

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9
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between C&G and A&T

A

C&G= 3, A&T=2

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10
Q

what sugar does RNA contain?

A

ribose

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11
Q

what replaces thymine in an RNA nucleotide and is it purine or pyrimidine?

A

Uracil (U) replaces thymine and it is pyrimidine

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12
Q

what produces ATP ?

A

respiration

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13
Q

how is the energy released for use in respiration?

A

constantly recycled

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14
Q

what is ATP made from?

A

ADP and Pi, made from the terminal phosphate group of ATP releases usable energy for the cell

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15
Q

what else are ATP and ADP known as?

A

phosphorylated nucleotides

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16
Q

what do the polynucleotide strands twist and form?

A

double helix

17
Q

what is meant by anti-parallel and how does this relate to DNA?

A

polynucleotide strand is different at each end 3’ and 5’prime, the different strands run in opposite directions (anti-parallel) at each end of the strand is either 5’ or 3’

18
Q

how many bases code for an amino acid?

A

3 bases in sequence- the 4 bases can be arranged in 64 different ways to make groups of 3

19
Q

what is the group of bases called?

20
Q

why is it referred to as a degenerate code?

A

some AA have more than 1 corresponding triplet- the 3rd code is usually said to be different so the code is siad to be degenerate

21
Q

where does transcription occur?

22
Q

describe mRNA

A

ribose sugar, uracil base not thymine, mRNA is shorter than DNA and is a single strand mRNA carries a message from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

23
Q

give a brief description of how transcription happens

A

helix unwinds and unzips, free RNA nucleotides complementary base pair, RNA nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds joined by RNA polymerise, mRNA peels off the DNA and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore, DNA zips and twists back up together

24
Q

describe rRNA

A

eukaryotic ribosomes are and of one small and large sub-unit, sub-units made of ribosomal RNA

25
Q

what is the function of rRNA?

A

rRNA is important for maintaining structural stability during protein synthesis

26
Q

what is the function of mRNA?

A

codes for the correct sequence of AA

27
Q

what is the function of tRNA?

A

carries specific AA to the mRNA to be built into a chain

28
Q

describe the structure of tRNA

A

single strand of RNA folded into a cloverleaf or hairpin shape held together by complementary base pair

29
Q

Briefly describe transcription

A

mRNA enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome and the ribosome moves along until it reaches a codon, tRNA brings the correct AA for the codon and attaches when the anticodon binds to the codon, the next RNA arrives with a new AA, once aligned AA join with a peptide bond using peptidyl transferase and the ribosome moves along to the next codon, the old tRNA leaves to pick up a new AA and a new tRNA etc.

30
Q

What happens if replication makes a mistake?

A

May have no effect at more than one triplet codes for each AA or it may change the tertiary shape of the protein

31
Q

What does semi conservative mean?

A

Each original strand is used as a template for a new strand

32
Q

How does DNA replication happen?

A

Hydrogen bonds se broken, free nucleotides line up to the exposed bases, complementary base pairing, produce two double helices that are identical to the original one

33
Q

What does helicase do?

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds between DNA

34
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Forms phosphodiester bond, joins together the nucleotides on new strands forming phosphodiester bonds

35
Q

Explain evidence for semi conservative replication

A

Experiments provide evidence that replication is semi conservative, bacteria grown on 15N, bacteria extracted and then grown on 14N, any new DNA would now be 14N, if grown on 14N it is less dense so settles higher up

36
Q

Where is DNA 15N

A

In the bases

37
Q

Why is semi conservative replication important

?

A

It conserves the genetic material accurately as exact copies are made

38
Q

What can sometimes happen?

A

Random spontaneous mutations may occur this is when the sequence of bases is not always matched exactly

biology (11 decks)

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