Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOCH 200 > Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

The polymer of nucleotides, sugar + base + phosphate, DNA/RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA

A

Double helix containing genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

RNA

A

Responsible for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleotide

A

Base + sugar + phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nucleoside

A

Base + sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Deoxynucleoside

A

Nucleotide with a deoxyribose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Base

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anti-Parallel

A

2 biopolymers that run parallel to each other but with opposite directionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Kb

A

Kilobase - the unit of measurement equal to 1000 base pairs of DNA or nucleotides in RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oligonucleotide

A

Short DNA or RNA molecules (<50)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

B-DNA

A

Right-handed double helix (most common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stacking Interactions

A

The primary stabilizing force of DNA

  • Van der Waals
  • Hydrophobic forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Melting Temperature (DNA)

A

The temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the random coil or single-stranded state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Denaturation

A

Destroy the characteristic properties of a macromolecule by heat, acidity, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Renaturation

A

Reconstruction of protein/nucleic acid that has been denatured such that molecules resume normal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anneal

A

Recombine DNA in double-stranded form following separation from heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Draw Uracil

A

Check Structures Sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Draw Thymine

A

Check Structures Sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Draw Cytosine

A

Check Structures Sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Draw Adenine

A

Check Structures Sheet

23
Q

Draw Guanine

A

Check Structures Sheet

24
Q

Draw Ribose

A

Check Structures Sheet

25
Q

Draw Deoxyribose

A

Check Structures Sheet

26
Q

Where is N Located on a Base?

A

Odd numbers (1,3,7,9)

27
Q

Where Do Bases Link to Sugar?

A 
Pyrimidines = link to sugar C1' from N1
Purines = link to sugar C1' from N9
28
Q

Naming Nucleosides

A

Pyrimidines = end in idine
Purines = -ine -> -osine
If the sugar is deoxyribose, put deoxy in front

29
Q

Phosphoester

A

Link carbon to a phosphate group

30
Q

Phosphodiester

A

Link two different carbons to one phosphate group

31
Q

Phosphoanhydrides

A

Link two phosphates to each other

32
Q

Properties of the Backbone in DNA/RNA

A

Consistent negative charge

Polar

33
Q

Is the DNA or RNA Backbone more Polar?

A

The RNA backbone is more polar because of the 2’OH group on the ribose sugar

34
Q

Why is RNA More Susceptible to Alkaline Hydrolysis?

A

Because of the 2’OH group on the ribose sugar

35
Q

Is DNA or RNA more Stable?

A

DNA

36
Q

What are the Forces Involved in Stacking Interactions?

A

Hydrophobic effect
Van der Waals Forces
Ionic interactions

37
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

A=T and G=C
Helps to deduce base composition
Maintains the diameter in DNA double helix

38
Q

How is B-form DNA stabilized?

A

Primarily base stacking (Van der Waals and hydrophobic forces)
Hydrogen bonding
-AT = 2 H-bonds
-GC = 3 H-bonds

39
Q

Why is it Important for DNA to be Stabilized by Non-Covalent Forces?

A

Covalent bonds are rigid and would not allow DNA to function
Non-covalent bonds are strong enough to hold DNA together but attractive forces can be weakened to adapt to environmental changes

40
Q

B-form DNA Structure

A

Strands are anti-parallel with an overall right-handed twist
Hydrophobic core and polar exterior
Bases largely excluded from H2O = stabilizes H-bonds
Sugar and phosphate exposed to H2O
H-bonds in pairing interactions
Base pairs are complements of each other
Has grooves

41
Q

Function of Grooves

A

There are functional groups on the edge of base pairs that are exposed to water

  • important for proteins that must bind to dsDNA and read a sequence
  • major grooves have enough space for an alpha protein to bind
42
Q

RNA vs DNA sequence

A

RNA is single-stranded, DNA is double-stranded
RNA contains uracil, DNA contains thymine
RNA contains ribose, DNA contains deoxyribose

43
Q

What Causes the Denaturation of dsDNA

A

Disruption of non-covalent forces

-separates two paired strands

44
Q

DNA Melting

A

Goes from double-stranded to denatured single-stranded
Absorbance changes as DNA melts = base stacking changes
-ssDNA has a higher absorbance than dsDNA

45
Q

What is Tm?

A

The midpoint of melting and is a characteristic of the base composition and solvent conditions

46
Q

Hyperchromicity

A

High absorbance (ssDNA)

47
Q

Hypochromicity

A

Low absorbance (dsDNA)

48
Q

Renaturation

A

Reformation of dsDNA so it regains its native conformation

  • proper base pairing
  • nucleation and zippering
49
Q

Why do GC pairs have stronger base stacking interactions than AT pairs?

A

GC pairs are bigger and wider
Therefore, AT pairs denature more readily
Higher GC content results in elevated Tm

50
Q

How does Changing pH Affect Tm?

A

Affects the protonation state of DNA

51
Q

Draw a pH-Tm Graph

A

See Cheat Sheet

52
Q

How does Changing [Salt] Affect Tm?

A

Ions shield negative charges on phosphate backbone
Low salt decreases Tm = destabilizes double helix
High salt elevates Tm = stabilizes double helix

53
Q

RNA Melting

A

2x the H-bonds = higher Tm than DNA

ss + ds mixture

BIOCH 200 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions