Nucleotides

Question 1

What are SNps?

Answer 1

single nucleotide polymorphism. Differnce in DNA sequence when single nucleotide in the genome differs between individual in the same species

Question 2

How can analyzing of haplotypes give insight into diseases in lineages?

Answer 2

Notice gentic variations associated with specific disease. Some haplotypes have an increased risk of alzheimers

Question 3

WHy is RNA less Stable than DNA?

Answer 3

The presence of Oh makes it more susceptible to hydrolysis
it is unstable under alkaline conditions. Oh may act as nucelophile

ribonucleosase

Question 4

What is deamination?

Answer 4

Removal of amino group from N base. It is spontanous but slow. cytosine gets deaminated to uracil. Problem because causes point mutation

Question 5

What is alkylation?

Answer 5

additon of an alkyl group to N-base in DNA. An example is the methylation of Guanine. This causes problems in the normal base pairing and makes the nucleotide more susceptible to damage

Question 6

WHich is more damaging: UV or ionizing radiation?

Answer 6

Ionizing radiation, which is x-ray or gamma ray. They both can cause mutations, but this radiation causes more widespread damage like IN the ring, strand breaks and base modifications
Uv only causes teh dimerization of pyrimidines

Question 7

Phosphodiester breakage

Answer 7

can leade to energy release in ATP

Question 8

How does cAMP act as a 2ndary messenger?

Answer 8

Cyclic AMP acts in hormone signaling, regulation of gene expression, neurotransmission and metabolism