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BIOCHEM FINALS > Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nucleotides Flashcards

1
Q

A molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group; building block of nucleic acids.

A

Nucleotide

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2
Q

Unbranched polymer composed of nucleotides; includes DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleic Acid

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3
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid; stores genetic information in the nucleus.

A

DNA

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4
Q

Ribonucleic Acid; translates genetic information into proteins.

A

RNA

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5
Q

Pair of nitrogenous bases bonded in DNA and RNA; A-T, G-C in DNA and A-U, G-C in RNA.

A

Base Pair

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6
Q

Structural framework of nucleic acids, composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

A

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

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7
Q

Molecule containing nitrogen; adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil.

A

Nitrogenous Base

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8
Q

Two nucleic acid strands held together by hydrogen bonds in a spiral shape.

A

Double Helix

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9
Q

The sugar present in DNA.

A

Deoxyribose

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10
Q

The sugar present in RNA.

A

Ribose

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11
Q

DNA base that pairs with thymine.

A

Adenine

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12
Q

DNA base that pairs with cytosine.

A

Guanine

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13
Q

DNA base that pairs with adenine.

A

Thymine

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14
Q

DNA base that pairs with guanine.

A

Cytosine

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15
Q

RNA base that replaces thymine.

A

Uracil

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16
Q

A portion of the DNA molecule that codes for a specific protein.

A

Gene

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17
Q

The process of copying DNA into RNA.

A

Transcription

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18
Q

The process of converting mRNA into proteins.

A

Translation

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19
Q

The synthesis of an identical DNA strand during cell division.

A

DNA Replication

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20
Q

The basic unit of heredity, passed from parent to offspring.

A

Chromosome

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21
Q

A set of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

A

Codon

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22
Q

RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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23
Q

RNA molecule that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

24
Q

RNA that forms part of the ribosome structure.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

25
Q

The alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.

A

Mutation

26
Q

A mutation that changes one nucleotide but does not alter the protein.

A

Silent Mutation

27
Q

A mutation that changes one nucleotide and results in a different amino acid.

A

Missense Mutation

28
Q

A mutation that changes a nucleotide, creating a stop codon and shortening the protein.

A

Nonsense Mutation

29
Q

Substitution of a purine for a purine or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine.

A

Transition Mutation

30
Q

Substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa.

A

Transversion Mutation

31
Q

The entire set of genetic material in an organism.

A

Genome

32
Q

The study of how genes function and are inherited.

A

Molecular Genetics

33
Q

The process of using biological systems for technological applications.

A

Biotechnology

34
Q

The site where DNA replication begins.

A

Origin of Replication

35
Q

Enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication.

A

Helicase

36
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands.

A

DNA Polymerase

37
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication.

A

Primase

38
Q

Short DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand.

A

Okazaki Fragments

39
Q

Enzyme that joins DNA fragments together.

A

DNA Ligase

40
Q

Region of DNA where transcription begins.

A

Promoter

41
Q

Region of DNA where transcription ends.

A

Terminator

42
Q

Process in eukaryotic cells that removes introns from RNA transcripts.

A

RNA Splicing

43
Q

Segment of DNA that does not code for proteins.

A

Intron

44
Q

Segment of DNA that codes for proteins.

A

Exon

45
Q

A codon that signals the end of translation.

A

Stop Codon

46
Q

A codon that signals the start of translation.

A

Start Codon

47
Q

Bond linking amino acids in a protein.

A

Peptide Bond

48
Q

A sequence of three bases on tRNA that pairs with a codon.

A

Anticodon

49
Q

The structural and functional units of proteins.

A

Amino Acids

50
Q

A ribosome’s site where tRNA delivers amino acids.

A

A-Site

51
Q

A ribosome’s site where peptide bonds are formed.

A

P-Site

52
Q

A ribosome’s site where tRNA exits.

A

E-Site

53
Q

A DNA sequence that affects the expression of genes.

A

Regulatory Element

54
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA during transcription.

A

RNA Polymerase

55
Q

The triplet of bases in DNA that corresponds to a specific codon.

A

Template Strand

BIOCHEM FINALS (2 decks)

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