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Structure and Function 1 > Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nucleotides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main components of nucleotides?

A

1) nitrogenous base
2) a pentose sugar
3) 1, 2 or 3 phosphate groups

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2
Q

What is the structural difference between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA has an OH group on carbon 2, whereas in DNA this is replaced with a single hydrogen (deoxy)

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3
Q

Describe the structure of pyrimidines. Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

Single ring, with 4 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms. Includes cytosine, thymine and uracil

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4
Q

Describe the structure of purines. Which bases are purines?

A

Double ring structure, including guanine and adenine

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5
Q

Describe the general structure of ATP.

A

Adenine, ribose and triphosphate

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6
Q

Which bonds lie between the phosphates in ATP?

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds

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7
Q

What bond is between the first phosphate and the 5th carbon atom of ATP? How much energy does it yield?

A

Ester bond, yielding 14kJ/mol

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8
Q

How much energy does each phosphoanhydride bond yield?

A

30kJ/mol

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

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10
Q

How many ATP molecules are used per glucose unit in glycolysis?

A

2

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11
Q

How many ATP molecules are regenerated per glucose unit in glycolysis?

A

4 (2 per pyruvate)

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12
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced per glucose unit in glycolysis?

A

2

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13
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the mitochondria (matrix)

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14
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced per NADH in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

3

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15
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced per FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

2

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16
Q

Where do NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The electron transport chain

17
Q

What does NAD+ stand for and where is it derived from?

A

Nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide, derived from B3

18
Q

How many ATP molecules does NAD+ produce?

A

3

19
Q

What does FADH2 stand for and where is it derived from?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide is derived from B2

20
Q

How many ATP molecules does FADH2 produce?

A

2

21
Q

Give 2 routes for pyruvate molecules after glycolysis.

A

1) enters the krebs cycle, 2) is reduced to lactate via the cori cycle

22
Q

What is oxidised as pyruvate is reduced?

A

NADH

23
Q

Which enzyme is required for the pyruvate-NADH redox reaction?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

24
Q

What is lactate production important for?

A

1) high intensity exercise 2) anoxia/hypoxia 3)erythrocytes

25
Q

What is the term for the production of gluose in the liver?

A

Gluconeogenesis

26
Q

What is GDV and why is lactate production useful in practise?

A

Gastric dilation volvulus. The stomach bloats and twists, causing anoxia in vital organs, buildup of lactate in the blood is measurable, indicating extent of damage

27
Q

What is the difference between NADP+ and NAD+?

A

NADP+ has a phosphate group on the 2’C OH group

28
Q

Give some uses of NADPH

A

1) reductive biosynthesis 2)phagocytosis-enzyme called NADPH oxidases 3) drug metabolism 4) nitric oxide synthesis

29
Q

What is reductive biosynthesis?

A

Synthesis of fatty acids and cholestrol

30
Q

How is NADPH regenerated?

A

By the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway

31
Q

Give two molecules formed with coenzyme A

A

1) acetyl coA 2) fatty acyl coA

32
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process by which cells consume O2 and produce CO2

33
Q

Describe acetyl coA production from glucose.

A

Glucose converted to pyruvate in glycolysis, 2C is converted to acetyl coA

34
Q

Describe acetyl coA production from fatty acids.

A

Long chain of carbons and a carboxylic acid is metabolised by beta-oxidation, removing 2C at a time. These are converted to acetyl coA

35
Q

Describe acetyl coA production from amino acids.

A

Amino group is removed. In mammals, ammonia is converted to urea. In birds and reptiles, ammonia is converted to uric acid, in fish it is excreted directly. Remaining carbon skeleton can be converted to acetyl coA

36
Q

What happens to O2 in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

It is reduced to H2O

37
Q

What is cAMP?

A

Cyclic AMP is a second messenger produced in response to hormomes and other chemical signals

38
Q

How is cAMP formed?

A

From ATP in a reaction catalysed by adenylate cyclase (AC)

Structure and Function 1 (4 decks)

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