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Structure and Function 1 > Glycobiology > Flashcards

Glycobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Give three functions of glycoproteins

A

-blood clotting e.g thrombin
-reproduction via sperm and occyte communication
-immune system recognition

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2
Q

Give the formula for carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n
-carbon and water

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3
Q

Give five functions of carbohydrates

A

-energy source
-energy storage (starch, glycogen)
-structural component of cell membranes
-nucleotide biosynthesis
-lipid biosynthesis

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4
Q

What is an aldose?

A

A sugar with the C=O group o the last carbon (aldehyde group)

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5
Q

What is a ketose?

A

A sugar with the C=O group on anything other than the last carbon (ketone group)

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6
Q

What is pyranose?

A

A six membered ring-5 carbons, 1 oxygen

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7
Q

What is furanose?

A

A five membered ring-4 carbons, 1 oxygen

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8
Q

What is the difference between an alpha and beta ring?

A

On alpha the OH group is on the opposite side to the CH2OH (below ring) and on beta the OH group is on the same side to the CH2OH (above ring)

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9
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Stereoisomers that are mirror images but non-superimposable

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10
Q

What are diastereomers?

A

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images and non-superimposable

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11
Q

What are epimers?

A

Diastereomers that differ at only one chiral centre

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12
Q

What are anomers?

A

Diastereomers that differ in configuration at the acetal/hemiacetal carbon

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13
Q

What is acetal?

A

When there is an ether on both sides of the carbon

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14
Q

What is hemiacetal?

A

When there is an ether and an OH on the same carbon

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15
Q

What kind of isomers are glucose and galactose?

A

Stereoisomers

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16
Q

What kind of isomers are fructose to glucose and galactose?

A

Structural

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17
Q

which units make maltose? Where is the bond?

A

Alpha and beta glucose, bonded between C1 and C4

18
Q

Which units make trehalose? Where is the bond?

A

Two alpha glucose molecules, bonded between C1 and C1

19
Q

Which units make sucrose? Where is the bond?

A

Alpha glucose and beta fructose, bonded between C1 and C2

20
Q

Which units make lactose? Where is the bond?

A

Beta glucose and beta galactose, bonded between C1 and C4

21
Q

What is a homopolysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide containing only one type of monosaccharide

22
Q

What is a heteropolysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide containing more than one type of monosaccharide

23
Q

Which bonds appear in glycogen chains? Which enzyme hydrolyses them?

A

Alpha 1, 4, glycogen phosphorylase

24
Q

Which bonds appear in glycogen branches?

A

Aplpha 1,6

25
Q

How and when is glycogen broken down into glucose in the liver? How much can be stored?

A

When blood glucose is low, glucagon is secreted and glycogen is hydrolysed into glucose, which is then released into the blood. About 200g stored

26
Q

How and when is glycogen broken down in skeletal muscle? How much can be stored?

A

Adrenaline causes glycogen to be broken down to be used locally in fight or flight situations. About 300g stored

27
Q

Which two homopolysaccharides make up starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

28
Q

Where is starch stored in plants, how is it used?

A

In roots and seeds, used for embryonic development as well as a food source for humans and animals

29
Q

Give the difference between amylose and amylopectin

A

-Amylose is unbranched, amylopectin is branched

30
Q

Which enzyme hydrolyses both into which parts?

A

Alpha amylase hydrolyses both into maltose, maltotriose and dextrins

31
Q

Where does maltase act on starch?

A

On the alpha 1,4 linkages between maltose and maltotriose

32
Q

Where does isomaltase act on starch?

A

On the alpha 1,6 linkages on the dextrins

33
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

-long unbranched chains of glucose monomers linked by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-every other glucose is inverted
-held together by H bonds

34
Q

How is cellulose broken down?

A

By cellulases in bacteria, which hydrolyse them during fermentation

35
Q

What is pyruvate converted to during fermentation? What can these be used for?

A

Volatilefatty acids (VFAs)
-acetate, propinoate and butyrate
-can be used to make acetyl coA and glucose

36
Q

What are the bonds in chitin? What are the monomers that make it up?
Where is it found?

A

-Beta 1,4
-N-acetylglucosamine
-found in exoskeletons of invertebrates

37
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipids modified with a carbohydrate component

38
Q

Where can glycolipids be found? What do they do?

A

-The hydrophilic heads in the cell membrane
-Act as specific sites for recognition by carbohydrate binding proteins

39
Q

Give an example of a glycolipid, describe where it is found and what it does

A

-endotoxin
-cell membrane of gram negative bacteria such as E.coli
-can play a major role in septicaemia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

40
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins modified with a carbohydrate compnent

41
Q

Where are glycoproteins found?

A

-outer surface of plasma membrane
-extracellular matrix
-blood
-golgi complexes and secretory granules
-protective coats of viruses

Structure and Function 1 (4 decks)

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