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Molecules and Cells > Nucleosides and Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nucleosides and Nucleotides Flashcards

1
Q

what are nucleotides important for

A

cellular processes. they are involved in nearly all biochemical processes, which makes them very important biological molecules.

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2
Q

what are some examples of cellular processes that nucleotides are involved in

A
  • cellular energy exchanges, such as ADP and ATP
  • coenzymes like NAD and FAD and coA
  • can also be second messengers like cAMP
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3
Q

what is NAD

A

nicotine adenine dinucleotide

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4
Q

what is FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

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5
Q

what is coA

A

coenzyme A

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6
Q

what are nucleotides monomeric units of

A

nucleic acids

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7
Q

what are nucleotides built from

A

a base, a sugar and a phosphate

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8
Q

what are some examples of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid

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9
Q

what are the main functions of nucleic acids

A

direct synthesis and transmit genetic information

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10
Q

what are the two groups that bases can be put in

A

purines and pyrimidine

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11
Q

what is the key difference between purines and pyrimidine

A

purine bases have a six membered ring linked to a five membered ring. pyrimidine have just a six membered ring

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12
Q

what bases are classified as purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

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13
Q

what bases are classified as pyrimidine bases

A

cytosine, thymine and uracil

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14
Q

what are the two sugars used when creating nucleotides

A

B-D-ribose and B-D-2-deoxyribose

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15
Q

give a brief summary of nucleosides

A

these are comprised of just a base plus its sugar. can be split into two groups based on the sugar that is present

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16
Q

what sugar is found in ribonucleosides

A

ribose

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17
Q

what sugar is found in deoxyribonucleosides

A

deoxyribose

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18
Q

what are the two components of deoxyadenosine

A

adenine and deoxyribose

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19
Q

what are the components of uridine

A

uracil and ribose

20
Q

what is the base of DNA

A

deoxyribonucleotides

21
Q

what is the base of RNA

A

ribonucleotides

22
Q

what can nucleotides be considered as

A

phosphate ester of a nucleoside

23
Q

where is the phosphate group added to form a nucleotide

A

carbon 5 of the sugar on the nucleoside

24
Q

what is an example of a ribonucleotide? break down its components

A

adenosine 5 phosphate. the base is adenine, the sugar is ribose. the phospate was added to c5 of the sugar

25
Q

give a summary of ATP

A

the main biological energy store, produced in mitochondrion. it has an adenine base and a ribose sugar. the phosphate is on carbon 5, and is an important ribonucleotide

26
Q

what is cAMP

A

the second messenger in the action of many hormones. it is a ribonucleotide, and its full name is adenosine 3,5 monophosphate. it has an adenine base, and a ribose sugar. it has a single phosphate group attached to carbon 5, but it cyclases between carbon 3 and 5

27
Q

how is cAMP synthesised and broken down

A

from ATP. in the presence of magnesium ions in a reaction catalysed by adenyl cyclase, ATP is converted to cAMP and the two phosphate groups from ATP are released. it can be broken down to AMP in the presence of magnesium ions and can be catalysed by phosphodiesterase.

28
Q

how does cAMP act as a second messenger

A
  • the hormone binds to the receptor in the plasma membrane of the cell
  • adenyl cyclase is stimulated
  • the increased adenyl cyclase activity leads to an increase in cAMP in the cell
  • the cAMP acts inside the cell to alter ther ate of one or more cellular processes
29
Q

what is an example of ribonucleotides with complex structures

A

NAD+, or NADP+ if phosphorylated.
it is derived from nicotinate. the NAD+ structure has nicotinamide linked to ribose, which is linked to a phosphate group linked to another phosphate group on another ribose molecule, which then has an adenine base linked to it. if the hydroxyl group is replaced by a phosphate group we get NADP+. if the hydroxyl group is replaced by a hydrogen ion we get NAD+.

30
Q

describe the structure of FAD

A

flavin is linked to a ribitol sugar. the ribitol sugar has two phosphate groups attached to it, and the second phosphate links to carbon 5 of ribose sugar. the ribose is adenine

31
Q
32
Q
A

pyrimidine

33
Q
34
Q
35
Q
36
Q
37
Q
38
Q
A

B-D-Ribose (found in RNA)

39
Q
A

B-D-2-Deoxyribose (found in DNA)

40
Q
A

deoxyriboadenosine

41
Q
42
Q
A

adenosine - 5 - phosphate (AMP)

44
Q
A

cyclic AMP

45
Q

what is this molecule, and can you name all the components of it

46
Q

what is this

A

riboflavin, aka vitamin B2

47
Q

what is this

A

flavin adenosine dinucleotide

Molecules and Cells (13 decks)

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