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Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

a semi permeable barrier between the cytoplasm and the external environment

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2
Q

how does the plasma membrane communicate

A

through receptors on the cell surface

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3
Q

what does the structure of the plasma membrane include

A

a lipid bilayer, cholesterol and proteins

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4
Q

what is involved in the lipid bilayer

A

phospholipids, which create a fluic mosaic

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5
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid

A

a polar head and two non polar tails

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6
Q

what does cholestrol provide in the plasma membrane

A

it provides membrane integrity, prevents lysis

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7
Q

where is cholesterol found in the plasma membrane

A

it is embedded in the inner layer

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8
Q

what are proteins in the plasma membrane

A

these are gateways that allow certain molecules in and out

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9
Q

what is the hierarchy of cells in relation to the building blocks of life

A

cells
tissues
organs
organ systems

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10
Q

what underpins many disease processes

A

disturbances in cell function

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11
Q

what do all cell types possess

A
  • cell membrane
  • DNA
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
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12
Q

what are the main elements of prokaryotic cells

A
  • small
  • relatively simple internal structure, with no internal membrane bound structures or organelles
  • include bacteria and their close relatives
  • no true nucleus
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13
Q

what are the main elements of eukaryotic cells

A
  • larger
  • more complex
  • found in higher animals and plants
  • nucleus
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14
Q

does the plasma retain most organically produced chemicals inside the cell

A

yes

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15
Q

how does the plasma membrane allow a few molecules to cross

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
  • active transport
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16
Q

what is an example of cell membrane pathologies

A

haemoglobinopathies

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17
Q

describe haemoglobinopathies

A
  • cause sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia
  • both hereditary and characterised by defects in haemoglobin
  • alterations in the organisation of the lipid bilayer phospholipids leads to a decrease in red blood cell life span and also makes them less efficient at being replaced
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18
Q

what does an alteration in the organisation of the lipid bilayer phospholipidsin red blood cells lead to

A

a decrease in red blood cell life span

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19
Q

what are sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemi both characterised by

A

defects in haemoglobin

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20
Q

what is thalassaemia

A

this is the name for a group of inherited conditions that affect a substance in the blood called haemoglobin. people with thalassaemia produce either no or too little haemoglobin

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21
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia

A

a genetic disease where the red blood cells take up the shape of a crescent or a “sickle” whcih allows them to be more easily destroyed. this leads to a decrease in transportation of oxygen around the body, leading to anaemia.
haemoglobin A, or hbA is the primary haemoglobin that is affected in sickle cell anaemia, and is made up of two alpha globin and beta globin chains. the beta globin chains can end up misshapen due to a mutation in the beta globin gene and this is what leads to sickle cell anaemia.

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22
Q

in which cell types can you find a nucleus

A

eukaryotic only

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23
Q

what is the nucleus the location of

A

most of the different types of nucleic acid

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24
Q

where is DNA largely restricted to

A

the nucleus

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25
what kind of structure does the nucleus have
a double membrane structure - known as the nucleur envelope. consists of an inner membrane and an outer membrane, with a space called the perinuclear space in between
26
where is RNA formed
in the nucleus
27
what is the nuclear envelope
the double membrane structure of the nuclear membrane
28
why does the nucleus have a nuclear envelope
it allows RNA and other chemicals to pass, but not DNA
29
where are ribosomes constructed
in the nucleolus
30
what is the nucleolus
the "brain" of the nucleus. a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus that has a primary function of producing and assembling the cell's ribosomes
31
why are there pores on the nuclear envelope
to regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
32
what is the nuclear lamina
a dense fibrillar network inside the nucleus provides mechanical support regulates DNA replication and cell division
33
which cell types are ribosomes found in
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
34
are ribosomes the same size in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
no, they are slightly larger in eukaryotic cells
35
what is the structure of a ribosome
they have a small and a larger subunit. during translation, the two subunits come together around the mRNA molecule, forming a complete ribosome
36
what is the main role of ribosomes
to facilitate protien translation
37
what is the difference between the large and the small subunit of ribosomes
small = mRNA binds and is decoded large = where amino acids are added
38
what are the three sits on the larger subunits of ribosomes
P - peptidyl-tRNA binding site E - exit site A - aminoacyl tRNA binding site
39
what are the pathologies that can occur in ribosomes
ribosomopathies
40
describe ribosomopathies
- these were pathologies that originally were though to be fatal - due to defects in ribosome synthesis - links to Treacher Collins Syndrome
41
what is treacher collins syndrome
caused by ribosomopathies, characterised by abnormal craniofacial development
42
what is the endoplasmic reticulum
a mesh of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis and transport
43
where does the rough endoplasmic reticulum connect
the nuclear envelope - mRNA is converted to peptide and is passed onto the rough ER
44
what is the key function of RER
protein modification and production
45
what does the RER produce
- lyosomal enzymes - secreted proteins - integral membrane proteins
46
why is correct folding of the RER important
for its function
47
what is the predominant function of the SER
manufacture of lipids
48
are lipids more abundant in some cells than others
yes
49
what is the specialised function of the SER in the liver
breaking glycogen down into glucose
50
what is the specialised function of the SER In the adrenal cortex
steroid hormone production
51
what is the specialised function of the SER in muscle cells
calcium storage - contraction of muscle cells is triggered by the release of calcium ions
52
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
a type of SER found in muscle cells
53
what is another role of the SER aside from manufacturing lipids
detoxifying a number of organic chemicals and converting them to safer, water soluble products
54
what is an example of when the SER is a detox stop
in hepatocytes, the smooth ER can double its surface area within a few days, and returns to its normal size once the assault has subsided - this is why we feel hungover
55
what are hepatocytes
liver cells
56
what can endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction lead to
defective folding and processing of proteins, which can play a role in numerous neurodegenerative disorders such as alzheimers, parkinsons and epilepsy
57
what is ER dysfunction associated with
- alzheimers - parkinsons - epilepsy - ageing
58
why is aging associated with ER dysfunction
oxidative stress
59
which proteins move from the ER to golgi apparatus
only the correctly folded ones
60
how do proteins move from the ER to golgi
transport vesicles
61
what are the roles of the golgi apparatus
modify, package and store proteins
62
how do proteins leave the golgi apparatus
vesicles
63
where do proteins go after leaving the golgi apparatus
the required site, or they are exported out of the cell
64
what does impaired trafficking of proteins through the golgi apparatus lead to
a defect in trafficking of proteins that are important in making myelin which causes hypomyelinating disorders
65
what is an example of a hypomyelinating disorder
cataracts
66
what does myelin do
it insulates nerve fibres and promotes signalling
67
what do impairments in post translational modification capacity lead to
- defective glycosylation disorders - a wide spectrum of pathologies that affect multiple organs
68
what are glycosylation disorders
errors of metabolism in which the glycosylation of a variety of tissue proteins and lipids is deficient or defective - lead to malfunction of organ systems
69
what is glycosylation
controlled enzymatic modification of a protein - post translational modification
70
what causes muscular dystrophy
lost functionality of the golgi apparatus due to mutations in proteins that make up the golgi apparatus
71
what are vacuoles
single membrane organelles that are part of the outside, located within the cell
72
what are vacuoles used as
storage areas
73
what are vacuoles formed by
fusion of numerous vesicles
74
what are vesicles
smaller than vacuoles, and function in transport within and to the outside of the cell
75
what are lyosomes
large vesicles that are formed by the golgi apparatus
76
where are lysosomes formed
golgi apparatus
77
what do lysosomes contain
hydrolytic enzymes capable of destroying the cell
78
what do lysosome contents function in
the breakdown of extracellular materials
79
what do mitochondria contain
their own DNA
80
what do mitochondria function as sites of
energy release and ATP formation
81
what are mitochondria bounded by
two membranes
82
what are the two membranes of mitochondria
the outer membrane is smooth and sieve like the inner membrane is folded into cristae
83
what occurs on the cristae within mitochondria
generation of ATP, which is highly selective
84
what can cause mitochondrial dysfunction
mutations in mtDNA
85
what is mitochondrial dysfunction associated with - not a causation
alzheimers parkinsons huntingtons diabetes cardiovascular disease stroke autoimmune disease - sjogrens syndrome cancer
86
what is sjogrens syndrome
a chronic autoimmune disease affecting salivary glands and tear glands
87
what is the cytoplasm
the material between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope
88
is the cytoplasm static
no
89
what does the cytoplasm facilitate
the transport of material around the cell
90
what is cytoplasmic streaming
the transport of materials around the cell through the cytoplasm
91
what is the cytoskeleton
the fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
92
what does the cytoskeleton do
maintain the shape of the cell anchor organelles move cell control the internal movement of organelles
93
what do microfilaments do
maintaining cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming and cell division
94
what do intermediate filaments do
maintain cell shape, anchor nucleus and make up nuclear lamina
95
what are microfilaments made up of
actin monomers
96
what are intermediate filaments made up of
fibrous subunits
97
what are microtubules made up of
tubulin
98
what are microtubules involved in
cell motility, chromosome movement and organelle movement
99
what are cilia and flagella involved in
cell movement, and direct the flow of substances along tracts
100
what are cilia and flagella
microtubules
101
what is cell motility
the ability of a cell or organism to move of its own accord by expending energy - or the movement of components within the cell
102
what is endocytosis
how cells eat and drink, by wrapping their membranes around substances from the outside
103
what is exocytosis
when the contents of the vacuole are released to the exterior of the cell
104
what are the subcomponents of the nucleus
chromatin, chromosomes, and nucleolus
105
what are the subcomponents of ribosomes
nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum
106
what are the subcomponents of the golgi apparatus
cis, mid, trans - cisternae vesicles
107
what are the subcomponents of mitochondria
the cristae and the matrix

Molecules and Cells (13 decks)

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