Nucleophiles, Electrophiles and Bond Fission Flashcards
What bond type is present in alkanes?
Single bonds only (sigma)
What bond type is present in alkenes?
Single bonds (sigma) and a double bond (pi)
What bond type is present in alkynes?
Single bonds and a triple bond. (one sigma and two pi)
When do sigma bonds occur?
In the end on overlap of atomic orbitals
When do pi bonds occur?
On side on overlap of atomic orbitals
What is an sp3 hybrid?
The mixing of three p orbitals and one s orbitals.
Where do sp3 hybrids occur?
Alkanes
What is an sp2 hybrid?
The mixing of two p orbitals and one s orbital
Where do sp2 hybrids occur?
Alkenes
What is an sp hybrid?
The mixing of one s orbital and one p orbital
Where do sp hybrids occur?
Alkynes
What does a double headed curly arrow show?
The movement of electron pairs
What does a single headed curly arrow show?
The movement of one electron
What is the chain initiation?
WHere some molecules are broken into free radicals by homolytic fission
What is the chain propagation?
One free radical enters the reaction and another is formed.
What is the chain termination?
Two or more free radicals enter the reaction and none are formed.
In homolytic fission do bonds break evenly or unevenly?
Evenly
In homolytic fission do electrons split evenly or unevenly?
Evenly
Does homolytic fission occur in non polar or polar molecules?
Non - polar
In heterolytic fission do bonds break evenly or unevenly?
Unevenly
In heterolytic fission do electrons split evenly or unevenly?
Unevenly - one gains both electrons and the other none
Does heterolytic fission occur in non polar or polar molecules?
Polar
Are electrophiles electron rich or electron deficient?
Deficient
Are nucleophiles electron rich or electron deficient?
Rich
What are electrophiles?
Molecules or positively charged ions which are capable of accepting an electron pair.
What are nucleophiles?
Molecules or negatively charged ions which have at least one lone pair of electrons that they can donate and form dative bonds.
What is a dative bond?
One atom provides both electrons in a covalent bond.
