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Agri Biotechnology > Nucleic Acids - The Molecular Basis Of Inheritance > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids - The Molecular Basis Of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Three components of a nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Nitogenous base

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2
Q

Explain how the structure of DNA underpins replication

A

The combination of nitrogenous bases write the recipe for synthesis of molecules.

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3
Q

The process of replication including the role of enzymes

A

Multiple areas of replication along the double helix molecule at once, can split divide grow and move on. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that reads and creates a copy of the DNA, can only extend 5 to 3 end. Means one strand that is being copied is made in segments or fragments.

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4
Q

What are the 3 fundamental differences between RNA and DNA

A
  • The 5 carbon sugar in RNA is ribose (with Oxygen) instead of deoxyribose(without oxygen).
  • Uracil in place of thymine.
  • single stranded molecule however can form double stranded regions.
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5
Q

What is the central Dogma

A

Th full recess from transcription of a gene on a double helix strand of DNA through to the translation of RNA into a new protein by a ribosome.

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6
Q

Transcription brief definition

A

DNA template strand replicated into a RNA replicate to be passed onto a ribosome.

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7
Q

Translation brief definition

A

Ribosome RNA reading the combination of nitrogenous bases on an mRNA to produce a protein from amino acid combinations specified by the mRNA and ultimately the DNA template strand.

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8
Q

DNA consist of three components

A
  • Pentose (5 carbon sugar) - deoxyribose
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base purine(adenine and guanine) pyramidine (thymine,cytosine).
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9
Q

Difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom attached to the 2 Carbon.

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10
Q

Purine structure in DNA

A

Double ringed.

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11
Q

Pyrimidine structure.

A

Single ring

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12
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

One of the 2 strands of dna is used as a template for synthesis of new dna strand. The nature of the new dna strand is determined by the order of the base pairs in the template strand.

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13
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

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14
Q

RNA consists of 3 components?

A
  1. The 5 carbon auger Ribose
  2. Nitrogenous bases: adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine
  3. Phosphate group.
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15
Q

Three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
Messenger RNA

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16
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

80% of all RNA, most of a ribosome is rRNA.

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17
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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18
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

Template for protein synthesis, Carries the information from dna to rRNA.

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19
Q

DNA polymerase

A

The enzyme that synthesises the new DNA strand.

20
Q

dNTPs

A

Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
Used as the source of nucleotides in DNA synthesis. The dNTP loses 2 phosphate groups when attached to the newly forming DNA strand, the dNTP is chosen from the opposing base on the template strand.

21
Q

Histones

A

Protein that packs the DNA so that it fits neatly arranged in the nucleus

22
Q

Each of the 20 amino acids has a corresponding……

A

tRNA

23
Q

Translation

A

Process of RNA translating information from mRNA into the synthesis of a protein.

24
Q

RNA synthesis occurs in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

25
Q

RNA polymerase catalyses the formation of what bond?

A

Phosphodiester

26
Q

Operon

A

A cluster of genes copied by a single RNA

27
Q

A ribosome attaches to what end of mRNA

A

5’ end

28
Q

Initiation codon of mRNA?

A

AUG

29
Q

The 2 sites tRNA have are

A

mRNA recognition site and an amino acid attachment site.

30
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA.

31
Q

The cell cycle phases

G1

A

Cell growth and nutrient accumulation. A commitment to decide or not divide is made.

32
Q

The cell cycle phases

G0

A

Is a phase which the cells can be arrested in indefinitely. Like G1 but with nil net growth.

33
Q

The cell cycle phases

Synthesis or S phase

A

DNA synthesis occurs and chromosomes are replicated.

34
Q

The cell cycle phases

G2

A

The cell grows more, synthesising proteins necessary for mitosis.

35
Q 
The cell cycle phases
M phase (mitosis)
A

duplicated genetic material is divided in 2 and the cell is prepared for cytokinesis.

36
Q

The four phases of mitosis in order:

A
  • Prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
37
Q

The phases of mitosis

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense, microtubules reach from centrosomes into the centre of the cell.

38
Q

The phases of mitosis

Metaphase

A

Nuclear membrane degrades. Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

39
Q

The phases of mitosis

Anaphase

A

Chromatids seperate and form at opposing poles of the cell. The chromatids are now fully fledged chromosomes.

40
Q

The phases of mitosis

Cytokinesis

A

A contractile ring or cell plate forms and the cytoplasm divides.

41
Q

How many sets of divisions (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) occur in meiosis?

A

2

42
Q

Genetic diversity is generated in meiosis in two ways

A
  1. Chromosomes of an homologous pair assort independently of other pairs.
  2. Crossover occurs and genetic recombination occurs and results in the swapping of DNA segments between homologous chromosomes.
43
Q

Adenine always pairs with a

A

Thyomine

44
Q

Guanine always pairs with a

A

cytosine

45
Q

DNA B helicase

A

Unwinds double helix of DNA

46
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Welds together Okazaki fragments and broken links

47
Q

Write DNA molecules written in the

A

5 prime to 3 prime end

Agri Biotechnology (12 decks)

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