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Agri Biotechnology > Intro To Cellular And Metabolic Bio chem > Flashcards

Intro To Cellular And Metabolic Bio chem Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cells are: (3)

A
  • Cells of bacteria
  • Have no clearly defined cell walls
  • No clearly defined nucleus nor membrane bound organelles.
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2
Q

Animal cells lack a…..

A

Cell wall

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3
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

A path of chemical communication for plants between adjacent cells.

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4
Q

Phototroph

A

Produce energy from sunlight or photons.

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5
Q

What is biochemistry

A
  • Chemical basis of life

- molecules that occur in living systems and the chemical reactions that they are involved in

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6
Q

Primary metabolism molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleus acids

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7
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon contains ……….

When compared to unsaturated?

A

Only contain carbon - carbon single bonds

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8
Q

Alkanes are…… they have ……. Carbon bonds and the general molecular formula is…….: (3)

A
  • hydrocarbons
  • contain only single carbon bonds
  • CnH2n+2
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9
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

A side chain/ functional group of an organic chemical that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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10
Q

Structural isomers are

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

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11
Q

Alkane (halogen) Substitution reaction

A

Bonds in an alkane are broken and new bonds are formed between a carbon and a halogen atom.

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12
Q

Alkenes general properties (4)

A
  • they have only carbon and hydrogen atoms and have atleast one double carbon-carbon bond
  • they are colourless
  • relatively low melting points
  • they are insoluble in water
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13
Q

When naming alkenes the numbering begins from the closest……

A

Double carbon bond end.

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14
Q

When naming alkanes the numbering begins from the closest ……..

A

functional group end, giving that functional group the lowest possible number.

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15
Q

Benzene properties

A
  • aromatic molecule

- does not behave as if it has three single and three double bonds, but behaves as if all carbon bonds are the same.

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16
Q

The Properties of Hydroxyl

A

Hydrogen bonding ability. Alcohol group

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17
Q

The Properties of Aldehyde

A

Reactivity of varying types, O double covalent bond to C, forms after alcohol oxidation. -CHO

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18
Q

The Properties of Ketone

A

Similar properties to aldehyde but not as reactive, formed through oxidation of secondary alcohols. CO

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19
Q

The Properties of Carboxyl

A

Hydrogen bonding and acidic properties, -COOH

20
Q

The Properties of Methyl

A

Hydrophibic

21
Q

The Properties of Ethyl

A

Hydrophobic

22
Q

The Properties of Phenyl

A

Aromatic properties

23
Q

The Properties of Esters

A

Extension of structure through an oxygen bridge, when a carboxylic forms with an alcohol. Condensation reaction

24
Q

The Properties of Ether

A

Another way of using oxygen to extend covalent structure, C-O-C bonds.

25
Q

The Properties of Amino

A

Hydrogen bonding and basic properties

26
Q

The Properties of Amido

A

Hydrogen bonding ability

27
Q

The properties of Sulphydryl

A

Ability to form links through disulphide bonds

28
Q

The properties of Disulphide

A

Extension of structure through a disulphide bridge

29
Q

Bulk Elements (10)

A

Na, K, H, Ca, C, N, O, P, S, Cl

30
Q

Trace Elements (9 +)

A

Mg, Mn, fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zn, Se etc.

31
Q

Primary alcohol

A
  • OH group attached to a carbon that has one other bond to a carbon.
32
Q

secondary alcohol

A
  • OH group attached to a carbon that has bonds to 2 seperate carbon atoms.
33
Q

tertiary alcohol

A
  • OH group attached to a carbon that has bonds to 3 seperate carbon atoms.
34
Q

naming/numbering carbons in alcohols

A

must number with the OH group as the lowest possible number.

35
Q

COOH

A

carboxylic acid group (ic)

36
Q

OH

37
Q

C-O-C

38
Q

-CHO (double bond between C and O

A

(Al)dehyde (al)

39
Q

-RRCO or -CO (double bond)

A

Ket(one) (naming one)

40
Q

-COO (one O bond is double)

A

Ester (ate)

41
Q

-NH2

A

amino (amine)

42
Q

Amino acids contain

A

an amino group NH2 and a carboxylic acid group. COOH

43
Q

Metabolism can be devided into 2 components:

A

anabolism and catabolism

44
Q

anabolism

A

describes building up or synthetic processes

45
Q

catabolism describes

A

breaking down or degradative processes.

46
Q

four general categories that require energy for cells to function…

A
  1. for synthesis of new chemical bonds.
  2. transport of molecules or ions against concentration gradients.
  3. movement (musculoskeletal or circulation)
  4. maintenance of equilibrium (temp etc.)
47
Q

Compartmentalisation in the cell,

A

the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently

Agri Biotechnology (12 decks)

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