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biology- year 1 > nucleic acids- chpater 2 > Flashcards

nucleic acids- chpater 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the components make up the nucleotide structure

A

-pentose sugar
-a phosphate group
-a nitrogen containing organic base= cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine

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2
Q

how are the components of the nucleotide structure joined together

A

a condensation reaction

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3
Q

what may the two mononucleotides join together between

A

the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group of another by condensation reaction

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4
Q

what bond is formed in the condensation reaction of two mononucleotides

A

a phosphodiester bond

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5
Q

what makes up the ribonucleic acid structure

A

-polymer made up of nucleotides
-single, relatively short, polynucleotide chain

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6
Q

what is the pentose sugar always

A

always ribose

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7
Q

what are the organic bases for RNA

A

guanine, cytosine and uracil

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8
Q

what are 3 functions of RNA

A
  • transferring genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
    -ribosomes themselves are made up of proteins and another type of RNA
    -RNA is also involved in protein synthesis
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9
Q

who worked out the structure of DNA

A

watson and crick

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10
Q

what is the pentose sugar for DNA

A

deoxyribose

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11
Q

what are the organic bases for DNA

A

adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

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12
Q

what is DNA made up of

A

two strands of nucleotides (polynucleotides) that are extremely long and joined by hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

what do the bases on the two strand attached by

A

hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

what does adenine pair with

A

thymine

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15
Q

what does guanine pair with

A

cytosine

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16
Q

why is DNA a stable molecule (long answer)

A

-the phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive organic bases inside the double helix
-hydrogen bonds link the organic base pairs-forming bridges between the phosphodiester uprights. As there are three hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine, the higher the proportion of C-G pairings, the more stable the DNA molecule.

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17
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between cytosine and guanine

A

3

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18
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine

A

2

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19
Q

why is it good good that DNA is very stable

A

it passes from generation to generation without significant change

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20
Q

why is it good that there are two separate strands in DNA

A

as they’re only joined by hydrogen bonds it allows them to separate during DNA replication and protein synthesis

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21
Q

why is it good that DNA molecules are extremely large

A

carries an enormous amount of genetic information

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22
Q

why is it good that there are base pairs within the helical cylinder of the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone

A

means the genetic information is somewhat protected from being corrupted by outside chemical and physical forces

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23
Q

why is it good that DNA has base pairings

A

leads to DNA being able to replicate and transfer information as mRNA

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24
Q

what two stages happens in cell divison

A

nuclear division and cytokinesis

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25
Q

what is nuclear division

A

process by which the nucleus divides, mitosis and meiosis

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26
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

follows nuclear division and is the process by which the whole cell divides

27
Q

what are the four requirements for semi-conservative replication to take place

A

-four types of nucleotides
-both strands of DNA molecule
-the enzymes DNA polymerase
-a source of energy to drive the process

28
Q

describe how semi-conservative replication takes place

A
  1. the enzyme DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds linking the base pairs of DNA. The two strands separate and unwind
  2. each exposed polynucleotide then acts as a template to which complimentary free nucleotides bind to their specific base pair
  3. nucleotides are joined together in a condensation reaction by the enzyme DNA polymerase
  4. each of the new DNA molecules contains one of the original DNA strands that is half the original DNA. Hence the term semi-conservation replication
29
Q

what is the structure of ATP

A

a phosphorylated macromolecules which has 3 parts

30
Q

what are the 3 parts of ATP and describe them

A
  1. adenine- nitrogen containing organic base
  2. ribose- a sugar molecule with a 5-carbon ring structure (pentose) that acts as a backbone to which the other parts are attached
  3. phosphates- a chain of 3 phosphate groups
31
Q

describe how ATP is used in metabolic processes

A

energy needed to build up macromolecules from their basic units

32
Q

describe how ATP is used in movement in cells

A

provides energy for muscle contraction
ATP provides the energy for the filaments of muscle to slide past one another

33
Q

describe how ATP is used in active transport

A

provides energy to change the shape of the carrier proteins in plasma membranes

34
Q

describe how ATP is used in secretion

A

ATP is needed to form the lysosomes necessary for the secretion of cell products

35
Q

how is ATP used in the activation of molecules

A

inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds in order to make them more reactive, lowering the activation energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions e.g. addition of phosphate to glucose molecules at the start of glycolysis

36
Q

what are 5 processes ATP is used in

A

metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion, activation of molecules

37
Q

what type of reaction is the conversion of ATP to ADP and why is this good

A

reversible which therefore energy can be used to add inorganic phosphate

38
Q

why is the conversion of ATP to ADP catalysed by

A

ATP synthase

39
Q

what type of reaction is ATP to ADP

A

condensation reaction

40
Q

where does the synthesis of ATP occur (three ways)

A
  1. in chlorophyll containing plant cells during photosynthesis (photophosphorylation)
  2. in plant and animal cells during respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)
  3. in plant and animal cells when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
41
Q

what is good about the bonds between the phosphate groups

A

the bonds are unstable and so have a low activation energy which means they are easily broken and when they are broke they release a considerable amount of energy

42
Q

what is the reaction from ATP to ADP

A

ATP + H2O 🡪 ADP + Pi + E
Adenosine triphosphate + water 🡪 adenosine diphosphate + inorganic phosphate + energy

43
Q

what type of reaction is ATP to ADP and why

A

hydrolysis and water is used

44
Q

what enzyme is used yo catalyse the hydrolysis reaction of ATP to ADP

A

ATP hydrolase

45
Q

what type of energy source is ATP

A

immediate source of energy not good long term

46
Q

do cells store large quantities of ATP

A

no as it is formed rapidly

47
Q

where is ATP made

A

within the mitochondria and cannot be stored so is constantly made

48
Q

why is ATP a better immediate energy source than glucose

A
  • each ATP molecule releases less energy than glucose so the energy is released in smaller, more manageable quantities rather than the much greater and less manageable release of energy from a glucose molecule
  • the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy, the breakdown of glucose is a long series of reactions and therefore the energy release takes longer
49
Q

what is the structure of a water molecule (dipolar)

A

made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen

50
Q

what is the charges within a water molecule

A

-overall no charge
-oxygen has a slight negative charge
-hydrogen has slight positive charge

51
Q

how is the hydrogen bonding formed in a water molecule

A

-the positive pole of one water molecule will be attracted to the negative pole of another water molecule
-each bond is fairly weak although they form important forces that cause the water molecule to stick together

52
Q

why is the boiling point in water higher than expected

A

as the water molecules stick together so it takes more energy to separate them

53
Q

what does water acts as against temperature variations

A

a buffer which makes the aquatic environment a temperature-stable one

54
Q

explain latent heat of vaporisation in water and explain why sweat is effective

A

-hydrogen bonding between water molecules means it requires a lot of energy to evaporate
-evaporation of water such as sweat is therefore very effective means of cooling because heat is used to evaporate the water

55
Q

what forces does water have

A

large cohesive forces

56
Q

what does large cohesive forces mean for water

A

allows it be pulled through a tube (xylem)

57
Q

what is surface tension

A

-where water molecules meet air they tend to be pulled back into the boys rather than escaping
-means that the water surfaces acts like a skin and is strong enough to support small organisms (eg pond skater)

58
Q

what is the importance of water in metabolism

A

-used to break down many complex molecules by hydrolysis
-chemical reactions take place in an aqueous medium
-water is a major raw material in photosynthesis

59
Q

what is the importance of water as a solvent

A

water readily dissolved other substances
-gases i.e oxygen and carbon dioxide
-wastes i.e oxygen and carbon dioxide
-inorganic ions and small hydrophilic molecules i.e amino acids, monosaccharides and ATP
-enzymes, whose reactions take place in solution

60
Q

why is it good water is not easily compressed

A

so provides support

61
Q

why is it good that water is transparent

A

means aquatic plants can photosynthesis and also light rays penetrate the jelly like fluid of the eye

62
Q

why is water good at evaporation

A

cools organisms and allows them to control their temperature

63
Q

where are inorganic ions found

A

in organisms where they occur in solution in the cytoplasm of cells and in body fluids

64
Q

what do inorganic ions perform

A

perform a range of function which are related to their own properties
i.e iron found in haemoglobin where they transport oxygen

biology- year 1 (10 decks)

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