biodiversity- chapter 10 Flashcards
what is classification
the organisation of living organisms into groups
what is classification based on
a number of accepted principles
what do members of a species have in common
they are capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring. meaning when a species reproduces sexually, any of the genes of the individuals can be combined with any other
what is a species
the basic unit of classification
what is the binomial system
where organisms are identified by two names
what are the features of the binomial system
-universal system based on latin/greek names
-the first name (generic name) denotes the genus the organism belongs to
-the second name (specific name) denotes the species to the organism
what are 3 rules of the binomial system
-the names are printed in italics
-first letter of generic name is in uppercase but specific is in lowercase
-if the specific name is not know it can be written as sp
how does a courtship behaviour help increase chances of survival (5)
- recognise members of their own species= ensures that mating only takes place between members of the same species because only members of the same species can produce fertile offspring
- identify a mate that is capable of breeding= because both partners need to be sexual mature, fertile and receptive to mating
-form a pair bond= that will lead to successful mating and raising of offspring
-synchronise mating= so it takes place where there is the maximum probability of the sperm and egg meeting
-become able to breed= by bringing a member of the opposite sex into a physiological state that allowed breeding to occour
what is classification
grouping of organisms
what is taxonomy
theory and practice of biological classification
what are the two main forms of biological classification
artificial classification
phylogenetic classification
explain artificial classification
- divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time= features include colour, size, leaf shape etc
- these are described as analogous characteristics where they have the same function but do not have the same evolutionary origins
explain phylogenetic classification
- is based upon the evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
- classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors
- arranges the groups into a hierarchy, in which the groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap
-relationships are partly based on homologous characteristics (have a similar evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in the adult of a species)
what is each group within a phylogenetic biological classification called
a taxon
what is the domain
what are the 3 domains
the highest taxonomic rank
bacteria, archaea (prokaryotes) and eukarya
what is bacteria
what are the features
a group of single cells prokaryotes
- the absence of membrane bounded organelles such as nuclei or mitochondria
- unicellular, although cells may occur in chains/clusters
-ribosomes are smaller (70S) than eukaryotic - cell walls are present and made from murein
- single loop of naked DNA made up of nucleic acids but no histones
what is archeae
how does archeae differ from bacteria
a group of singled called prokaryotes that were originally classed as bacteria which they resemble in appearance
- their genes and protein synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
- their membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages
- there is no murein in cell walls
- they have a more complex form of RNA polymerase
what is eukarya
what are the features of eukarya
a group of organisms made up of one or more eukaryotic features
- their cells possess membrane-bounded organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
- have membranes containing fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
- not all possess cells with a cell walls are, but where they do it contains no murein
- ribosomes are larger (80S)
what kingdoms is Eukarya divided into
what is the largest kingdom known as
protocista, fungi, plantae and animalia
phyla
what is each class divided into
orders or organisms that have additional features in common
what is each order divided into
families- differences are less obvious
what is each family divided into
.. then into what
genera then into species
what is phylogeny and what is it represented by
the evolutionary relationship between organisms , usually represented by a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree
what is biodiversity
the general term used to describe variety in the living world, refers to the number and variety of living organisms in a particular area, has 3 components (species, genetic and ecosystem diversity)
what is species diversity
refers tot he number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community
what is genetic diversity
refers to the variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of species
what is ecosystem diversity
refers to the range of different habitats, from a small habitat to the whole of the earth
what is one measure of species diversity
species richness- the number of different species in a particular area at a given time
what is the species index equation
d=N(N-1)/sumn(n-1)
d= index of diversity
N=total number of organisms of all species
n= total number of of organisms of each species
sum= the sum of
