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biology > biodiversity- chapter 10 > Flashcards

biodiversity- chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is classification

A

the organisation of living organisms into groups

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2
Q

what is classification based on

A

a number of accepted principles

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3
Q

what do members of a species have in common

A

they are capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring. meaning when a species reproduces sexually, any of the genes of the individuals can be combined with any other

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4
Q

what is a species

A

the basic unit of classification

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5
Q

what is the binomial system

A

where organisms are identified by two names

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6
Q

what are the features of the binomial system

A

-universal system based on latin/greek names
-the first name (generic name) denotes the genus the organism belongs to
-the second name (specific name) denotes the species to the organism

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7
Q

what are 3 rules of the binomial system

A

-the names are printed in italics
-first letter of generic name is in uppercase but specific is in lowercase
-if the specific name is not know it can be written as sp

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8
Q

how does a courtship behaviour help increase chances of survival (5)

A
  • recognise members of their own species= ensures that mating only takes place between members of the same species because only members of the same species can produce fertile offspring
  • identify a mate that is capable of breeding= because both partners need to be sexual mature, fertile and receptive to mating
    -form a pair bond= that will lead to successful mating and raising of offspring
    -synchronise mating= so it takes place where there is the maximum probability of the sperm and egg meeting
    -become able to breed= by bringing a member of the opposite sex into a physiological state that allowed breeding to occour
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9
Q

what is classification

A

grouping of organisms

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10
Q

what is taxonomy

A

theory and practice of biological classification

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11
Q

what are the two main forms of biological classification

A

artificial classification
phylogenetic classification

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12
Q

explain artificial classification

A
  • divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time= features include colour, size, leaf shape etc
  • these are described as analogous characteristics where they have the same function but do not have the same evolutionary origins
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13
Q

explain phylogenetic classification

A
  • is based upon the evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
  • classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors
  • arranges the groups into a hierarchy, in which the groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap

-relationships are partly based on homologous characteristics (have a similar evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in the adult of a species)

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14
Q

what is each group within a phylogenetic biological classification called

A

a taxon

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15
Q

what is the domain

what are the 3 domains

A

the highest taxonomic rank

bacteria, archaea (prokaryotes) and eukarya

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16
Q

what is bacteria

what are the features

A

a group of single cells prokaryotes

  • the absence of membrane bounded organelles such as nuclei or mitochondria
  • unicellular, although cells may occur in chains/clusters
    -ribosomes are smaller (70S) than eukaryotic
  • cell walls are present and made from murein
  • single loop of naked DNA made up of nucleic acids but no histones
17
Q

what is archeae

how does archeae differ from bacteria

A

a group of singled called prokaryotes that were originally classed as bacteria which they resemble in appearance

  • their genes and protein synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
  • their membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages
  • there is no murein in cell walls
  • they have a more complex form of RNA polymerase
18
Q

what is eukarya

what are the features of eukarya

A

a group of organisms made up of one or more eukaryotic features

  • their cells possess membrane-bounded organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • have membranes containing fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
  • not all possess cells with a cell walls are, but where they do it contains no murein
  • ribosomes are larger (80S)
19
Q

what kingdoms is Eukarya divided into

what is the largest kingdom known as

A

protocista, fungi, plantae and animalia

phyla

20
Q

what is each class divided into

A

orders or organisms that have additional features in common

21
Q

what is each order divided into

A

families- differences are less obvious

22
Q

what is each family divided into

.. then into what

A

genera then into species

23
Q

what is phylogeny and what is it represented by

A

the evolutionary relationship between organisms , usually represented by a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree

24
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the general term used to describe variety in the living world, refers to the number and variety of living organisms in a particular area, has 3 components (species, genetic and ecosystem diversity)

25
Q

what is species diversity

A

refers tot he number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community

26
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

refers to the variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of species

27
Q

what is ecosystem diversity

A

refers to the range of different habitats, from a small habitat to the whole of the earth

28
Q

what is one measure of species diversity

A

species richness- the number of different species in a particular area at a given time

29
Q

what is the species index equation

A

d=N(N-1)/sumn(n-1)

d= index of diversity
N=total number of organisms of all species
n= total number of of organisms of each species
sum= the sum of

biology (11 decks)

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