Nucleic Acids, ATP, Genetic Information and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What are DNA and RNA (molecule).

Answer 1

Polynucleotides.

Question 2

What is the function of RNA?

Answer 2

Transfer genetic information and forms ribosomes.

Question 3

What are polynucleotides?

Answer 3

Polymers made up of many nucleotide monomers joined together by condensation reactions, forming phosphodiester bonds.

Question 4

What is semi conservative replication?

Answer 4

The method in which DNA replicates, creating 2 molecules of DNA that consists of 1 original DNA strand and one 1 newly synthesised strand.

Question 5

What is a genome?

Answer 5

A full set of DNA found in an organism.

Question 6

What is the proteasome?

Answer 6

A full range or proteins that can be synthesised from the genome.

Question 7

What is a gene?

Answer 7

A section of DNA that code for polypeptides and functional RNA.

Question 8

What is a codon?

Answer 8

A sequence of 3 DNA bases which codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 9

In eukaryotes, what are the sections of DNA that do not code for polypeptides?

Answer 9

Introns.

Question 10

In eukaryotes, what are the sections of DNA that code for amino acid sequences?

Answer 10

Exons.

Question 11

What is ATP made from?

Answer 11

1 adenine, 1 ribose and 3 phosphate groups (triphosphate).

Question 12

What is ADP made from?

Answer 12

1 adenine, 1 ribose and 2 phosphate groups (diphosphate).

Question 13

What reaction type is ATP to ADP? Energy profile?

Answer 13

Hydrolysis, addition of water. Releases energy.

Question 14

What reaction type is ADP to ATP? Energy profile?

Answer 14

Condensation, releases water. Requires energy.

Question 15

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 15

A biological process in which individual cells build their specific proteins.

Question 16

What is transcription?

Answer 16

The process of making messenger RNA from a DNA template. DNA helicase breaks down the hydrogen bonds in the helix and free RNA nucleotides base pair with the exposed DNA template strands.

Question 17

What is translation?

Answer 17

The process of making proteins by forming a specific sequence of amino acids based on coded instructions in mRNA.
1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
2. The anti codon on a tRNA molecule will bind to a complementary codon.
3. tRNA will have a specific amino acid attached.
4. A second tRNA molecule with attached amino acid will bind.
5. The ribosome catalyses a condensation reaction forming a peptide bond.
6. tRNA molecules leave their amino acid to bind to new ones.
7. This process continues until a stop codon is reached.

Question 18

What does RNA polymerase do?

Answer 18

It catalyses phosphodiester bonds between adjacent RNA nucleotides and the mRNA strand detaches, allowing the DNA helix to reform.

Question 19

DNA replication.

Answer 19

Occurs by semi conservative replication during interphase with each new molecule containing an old and new strand.