Nucleic Acids, ATP, Genetic Information and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
What are DNA and RNA (molecule).
Polynucleotides.
What is the function of RNA?
Transfer genetic information and forms ribosomes.
What are polynucleotides?
Polymers made up of many nucleotide monomers joined together by condensation reactions, forming phosphodiester bonds.
What is semi conservative replication?
The method in which DNA replicates, creating 2 molecules of DNA that consists of 1 original DNA strand and one 1 newly synthesised strand.
What is a genome?
A full set of DNA found in an organism.
What is the proteasome?
A full range or proteins that can be synthesised from the genome.
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that code for polypeptides and functional RNA.
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 DNA bases which codes for a specific amino acid.
In eukaryotes, what are the sections of DNA that do not code for polypeptides?
Introns.
In eukaryotes, what are the sections of DNA that code for amino acid sequences?
Exons.
What is ATP made from?
1 adenine, 1 ribose and 3 phosphate groups (triphosphate).
What is ADP made from?
1 adenine, 1 ribose and 2 phosphate groups (diphosphate).
What reaction type is ATP to ADP? Energy profile?
Hydrolysis, addition of water. Releases energy.
What reaction type is ADP to ATP? Energy profile?
Condensation, releases water. Requires energy.
What is protein synthesis?
A biological process in which individual cells build their specific proteins.
What is transcription?
The process of making messenger RNA from a DNA template. DNA helicase breaks down the hydrogen bonds in the helix and free RNA nucleotides base pair with the exposed DNA template strands.
What is translation?
The process of making proteins by forming a specific sequence of amino acids based on coded instructions in mRNA.
1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
2. The anti codon on a tRNA molecule will bind to a complementary codon.
3. tRNA will have a specific amino acid attached.
4. A second tRNA molecule with attached amino acid will bind.
5. The ribosome catalyses a condensation reaction forming a peptide bond.
6. tRNA molecules leave their amino acid to bind to new ones.
7. This process continues until a stop codon is reached.
What does RNA polymerase do?
It catalyses phosphodiester bonds between adjacent RNA nucleotides and the mRNA strand detaches, allowing the DNA helix to reform.
DNA replication.
Occurs by semi conservative replication during interphase with each new molecule containing an old and new strand.
