nucleic acids and their role in protein synthesis #1

Question 1

what is DNA and RNA made up of

Answer 1

repeated monomers called nucleotides

Question 2

polomer

Answer 2

many DNA

Question 3

monomer

Answer 3

one nucleotide

Question 4

what does DNA contain

Answer 4

-Nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C)
-Phosphate
-Deoxyribose sugar

Question 5

Purine

Answer 5

• Large
• 2 rings
• A, G

Question 6

phospho-diester bonds

Answer 6

bonding of the phosphate and deoxyribose sugar bond to form backbone of molecule

Question 7

Pyrimidine

Answer 7

• Small
• 1 ring
  -T, C

Question 8

Purine and Pyrimidine

Answer 8

each complementary pair consists of one purine and one pyrimidine

Question 9

5’

Answer 9

the end with the phosphate as the last molecule

Question 10

3’

Answer 10

the end with the deoxyribose sugar molecule

Question 11

chromosomes

Answer 11

DNA wrapped around proteins called histones

Question 12

nucleosomes

Answer 12

DNA and histones together

Question 13

protease

Answer 13

breaks down proteins

Question 14

structure of chromosomes

Answer 14

double stranded DNA wrapped around histones. the DNA and histones and called nucleosomes. -They fold into structures called chromosomes.

Question 15

genes

Answer 15

• section of chromsome
• gives instructions to make a protein or an RNA molecule
• codes for a trait
• what the offspring inherits

Question 16

structure of RNA

Answer 16

• Nitrogenous base (A,U,C,G)
• Phosphate
• Ribose sugar

Question 17

difference between RNA and DNA

Answer 17

• the types of bases
• the type of sugar
• DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded

Question 18

differences between a monomer of DNA and RNA

Answer 18

1. RNA has base pairs of A-U, G-C whereas DNA has base pairs of A-T, G-C
2. DNA contains fewer oxygen as it contains deoxyribose sugar whereas RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 19

the 3 forms of RNA

Answer 19

• mRNA (messenger)
• tRNA (transfer)
• rRNA (ribosomal)

Question 20

mRNA

Answer 20

• linear molecule
• takes the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol
  -by making copies

Question 21

tRNA

Answer 21

• clover shaped molecule
• brings the SPECIFIC amino acid to the ribosome during protein formation

Question 22

rRNA

Answer 22

• folded molecule
• forms part of a ribosome -is needed for translation to occur

Question 23

if bases are complementary

Answer 23

amino acids will be sent down

Question 24

gene expression

Answer 24

“turning on” a gene and making the proteins
- occurs through translation
- can turn on and off
- breast milk, pregnancy, puberty
- our eyeball does have the gene in it to grow a nail- turns off

Question 25

triplet

Answer 25

3 DNA bases

Question 26

when do u have to find complementary base pairing

Answer 26

when it is in DNA form not RNA

Question 27

transcription

Answer 27

process of making a copy

Question 28

codon

Answer 28

3 mRNA bases

Question 29

degenerate or redundant

Answer 29

some amino acids are coded by more than one codon

Question 30

what does every gene has to start with

Answer 30

AUG (met)

Question 31

the 3 processes of making a protein

Answer 31

- transcription - RNA processing - translation

Question 32

DNA contains instructions to make a protein but never leave the nucleus. - how does the info get out of the nucleus?

Answer 32

a strand of mRNA which is made during transcription - makes a copy of DNA info - transfers to ribosomes to construct proteins.

Question 33

where does RNA polymerase attach

Answer 33

the DNA at the start of the gene. - the promotor region (TATA box)

Question 34

what does the RNA polymerase do

Answer 34

- first attaches to the DNA at the start of the gene, attaching to the promotor region. unwinds the double helix - passes over the template strand - reads 3' to 5'

Question 35

what does the RNA polymerase do. pt 2- where are the nucleotides added to

Answer 35

nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the RNA - then, the double helix is rewound after that section has been transcribed *the double helix is unwound due to the RNA polymerase enzyme

Question 36

when does transcription stop

Answer 36

when the RNA polymerase reaches the termination region of the gene, containing the stop triplet

Question 37

RNA

Answer 37

a type of nucleic acid

Question 38

polymer

Answer 38

a large molecule made up of monomers

Question 39

-ase

Answer 39

an enzyme

Question 40

RNA polymerase

Answer 40

an enzyme involved in making a polymer of RNA

Question 42

the parts of a eukaryote gene

Answer 42

- start and stop triplet - promotor region (TATA box) - exons - introns

Question 43

start and stop triplet

Answer 43

where coding for protein synthesis starts and stops

Question 44

promotor region (TATA box)

Answer 44

a section before the gene with lots of A's and T's where the RNA polymerase attaches

Question 45

exons

Answer 45

provide code for the proteins (ribosomes read) - found in mature mRNA - exits the nucleus

Question 46

introns

Answer 46

- junk DNA - do not provide code. - are cut out before the final mRNA strand is made

Question 47

what mRNA drops off the DNA

Answer 47

primary mRNA or pre- mRNA

Question 48

mRNA processing- before is leaves the nucleus

Answer 48

- introns are cut out - a G cap is added (ALWAYS GUANINE) - a poly -A tail is added

Question 49

translation

Answer 49

the production of a protein using the information provided by the mRNA

Question 50

translation- how is it read

Answer 50

the ribosome reads the mRNA 3 bases (one codon) at a time.

Question 51

what happens next in translation

Answer 51

the tRNA molecules with the complementary anticodon attaches to the codon - the tRNA brings a SPECIFIC amino acid to the ribosome. (for example gyl, lye, ect.)

Question 51

translation- what if it doesn't match up?

Answer 51

it will detach and go into the cytosol

Question 51

once the amino acid is released from the tRNA....

Answer 51

it is added to the growing polypeptide chain

Question 52

what holds these amino acids together when they are added to the polypeptide chain

Answer 52

peptide bonds

Question 53

when is the polypeptide chain released

Answer 53

when the stop codon is reached

Question 54

correct terms for '3 bases' for DNA, mRNA and tRNA

Answer 54

DNA- triplet mRNA- codon tRNA- anti codon