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?? > Nucleic Acids and Gene Expression > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids and Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleotide acid

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2
Q

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

Deoxyribose = -O2

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3
Q

Draw the structure of a nucleotide

A

3 P on the 5’, OH on the 3’, base on the 1’

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4
Q

Which bases are purines

A

A and G

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5
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines

A

C and T

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6
Q

Which bases have NH2

A

A and C

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7
Q

which bases have =O

A

G and T

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8
Q

How do bases pair

A

A and T, C and G

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9
Q

What is a nucleoside

A

A nucleotide without phosphates. Includes adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and thymidine (uridine)

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10
Q

What are the structural features of DNA

A

3’ and 5’ leads to asymmetry
Right hand helix
Major and minor groove

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11
Q

How many bonds between base pairs

A 
A-T = 2 H bonds
C-G = 3 H bonds
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12
Q

How many bp per turn

A

10

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13
Q

How can DNA be denatured

A

Lowering salt content or increasing heat

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14
Q

Describe the structural organisation of DNA

A 
2nm double helix
11nm Nucleosome (-ve backbone and +ve histone) with 8 core proteins
30nm fibre 
700nm 
1400nm chromosome
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15
Q

Which enzymes are involved in DNA replication

A

Topoisomerase
DNA helicase (needs ATP)
DNA polymerase

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16
Q

What are the names of the two strand on the replication fork

A

Leading and lagging strand

17
Q

What is the process of replication on the lagging strand

A
  1. DNA primase creates and RNA primer which binds to the DNA
  2. dNTPs form an Okazaki fragment
  3. Ribonuclease removes the previous primer using 5’-3’ exonuclease activity
  4. Repair DNA polymerase replaces the primer
  5. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments, requiring ATP
18
Q

What are the accessory factors for replication

A

Single strand binding protein to prevent folding
Sliding clamp to prevent polymerase falling off
3’-5’ exonuclease activity by DNA polymerase to fix mutations

19
Q

How does E. coli replicate

A

Origin is OriC

Bi-directional with 2 replication forks

20
Q

How do eukaryotes replicate

A

Multiple replication origins

Bi-directional

21
Q

Describe the cell cyle

A

G1 - 10hrs
S - DNA synthesis 9 hrs
G2 - 2-4hrs
M - mitosis 1 hrs

22
Q

What is the difference between early and late prophase

A

early - pairing of chromosomes and crossing over

late- condensing and spindle formation

23
Q

Give examples of nucleoside analogues

A

Acyclovir - Herpes
AZT - HIV
Cytosine arabinose - Chemo
ddC - HIV

24
Q

What are the types of RNA polymerase

A

Type 1 - rRNA
Type 2 - mRNA
Type 3 - tRNA

25
Q

What is the promoter region

A

DNA sequence where the initiation complex forms

26
Q

What are transcription factors

A

TFs are proteins that regulate genes, acting collectively to bring expression

27
Q

What is the effect of acetylation

A 
hyperacetylation = expression
Hypoacetylation = repression
28
Q

What are some determinants of expression

A

hormones, heat, stress, voltage, light etc.

29
Q

What are the pre initiation complex and describe its formation

A

TF II D binds to TATA
TF II B and A binds to TF II D
RNA polymerase binds to TF II B
TF II E, F, H, J binds

30
Q

What is special about TF II D

A

Causes asymmetrical unwinding of the DNA leading to unidirectionality ]
Widens the minor groove
contains TBP and TAF

31
Q

What is special about TF II H

A

further unwinds the DNA helix

32
Q

How is pre-mRNA processed

A

Removal of intron using snRNPs
intron starts with GU and ends in CAG
u1 binds to GU while U2,4,5 binds to the chain and U6 binds to CAG
breaking of the GU and binding to the branch point (A)
DNA ligase joins axons

33
Q

What structure are introns removed as

A

Lariat

34
Q

What is added to processed mRNA

A

CAP which protects mRNA and enhances translation

PolyA

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