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Biochemistry - Lecture > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

are the biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life

A

Nucleic acids

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2
Q

is the overall name for DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleic acid

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3
Q

two types of nucleic acids are found within cells of higher prganisms

A

DNA and RNA

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4
Q

Nearly all DNA is found wiithin the

A

cell nucleus

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5
Q

primary fucntion of ____ is the storage and transfer of genetic information

A

DNA

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6
Q

RNA occurs in

A

all parts of a cell

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7
Q

it functions primarily in the synthesis of proteins

A

RNA

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8
Q

is an unbranched polymer containing monomoner units called nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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9
Q

nucleic acids is an unbranched polymer containing monomoner units called

A

nucleotides

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10
Q

is a three sub-unit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containg heterocyclic base

A

nucleotide

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11
Q

the sugar unit of a nucleotide is either the

A

pentose ribose or the pentose 2’ deoxyribose

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12
Q

sugar unite of RNA

A

ribose

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13
Q

sugar unit of DNA

A

deoxyribose (2’ deoxyribose)

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14
Q

a monocyclic base with a seix-membered ring

A

pyrimidine

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15
Q

a bicyclic acid with fused five and six-membered rings

A

purine

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16
Q

the three pyrimidine derivatives found in nucleotides are

A

thymine (T), cytosine (C) and Uracil (U)

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17
Q

the two purine drivatives found in nucleotides are

A

adenine (A), and guanine (G)

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18
Q

are found in both DNA and RNA

A

adenine, guanine and cytosine

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19
Q

is found only in RNA

A

uracil

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20
Q

usually occurs only in DNA

A

thymine

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21
Q

the 3rd component of a nucleotide, is derived from phosphoric acid

A

phosphate

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22
Q

any given nucleotide in a nucleic acid contains

A

1 pentose sugar, one heterocyclic base, and one phosphate group

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23
Q

how manu different sugars and how many different heterocyclic bases are available, respectively, for incorporation into a nucleotide

A

2 and 5

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24
Q

the pentose sugar and nitrogen-containing base react to form a two-subunit called

A

nucleoside

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25
Q

the nucleoside reacts with a phosphate group to form the three-subunit entity called a

A

nucleotide

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26
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

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27
Q

nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which are the
monomers made of three components:

A

a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

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28
Q

A _________ is a stretch of DNA that can be read by proteins called ribosomes, and copied into a type of nucleic acid called messenger RNA (mRNA).

A

gene

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29
Q

A gene is a stretch of DNA that can be read by proteins called ______________, and copied into a type of nucleic acid called messenger RNA (mRNA).

A

ribosomes

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30
Q

A gene is a stretch of DNA that can be read by proteins called ribosomes, and copied into a type of nucleic acid called ____________________

A

messenger RNA (mRNA).

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31
Q

is a two-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base

A

nucleoside

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32
Q

(1) A Swiss Physician and Biologist.
(2) Isolated what he called ___________ from the nuclei of
pus cells
 Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties, hence it
became called _______________

A

Johannes Friedrich Miescher; nuclein; nucleic acid

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33
Q

Are important for their roles in the storage, transfer, and expression of genetic information

A

Nucleic Acids

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34
Q

the bond connecting the sugar and base is a

A

beta-N-glycosidic linkage

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35
Q

the base is always attached to the _____ of the sugar which is always in a ___________________

A

C1’; beta-configuration

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36
Q

for purine bases, attachment is through

A

N9

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37
Q

for pyrimidine bases, attachment is through

A

N1

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38
Q

the nucleotide units within a nucleic acid molecule are linked to each other through

A

sugar-phosphate bonds

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39
Q

is a nucleotide ppolymer in which each of the monomers contains ribose, a phosphate group, and one of the nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, U)

A

RNA

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40
Q

is a nucleotide plymer in which each of the monomers contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C)

A

DNA

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41
Q

the alternating sugar-phosphate chain in a nucleic acid structure is called a

A

nucleic acid backbone

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42
Q

is the sequence in which nucleptides are linked together in a nucleic acid

A

primary nucleic acid structure

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43
Q

each nonterminal phosphate group of the sugar-phosphate backbone is bonded to two sugar molecules through a

A

3’, 5’ phosphodiester linkage

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44
Q

the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid strand is read from

A

5’ end to the 3’ end

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45
Q

each nonrminal phosphate group in the backbone of a nucleic acid acrries a

A

1- charge

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46
Q

the primary structure of a nucleic acid is determined by the sequence of

A

bases present

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47
Q

the “backbone” of a nucleic acid molecule involves an alternating sequence of

A

sugar and phosphate groups

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48
Q

involves two polynucleotide strands coiled around each other in a manner somewhat like a spiral staircase

A

DNA double helix

49
Q

hold the two strands in a double-helix structure

A

H-bonds (hydrogen bonds)

50
Q

Bases are always paired as

A

A–T and G-C

51
Q

The two strands of the double helix are ____________ - that is, they run in opposite directions

A

antiparallel

52
Q

are pairs of bases in a nucleic acid tructure that hydrogen-bond to each other

A

complementary bases

53
Q

the two strands of DNA in a double helix are not identical - they are _______________

A

complementary

54
Q

are strands of DNA ina double helix with base pairing such that each base is located opposite its complementary base

A

complementary DNA strands

55
Q

are the carriers of genetic information within a cell; the molecules of heredity

A

DNA molecules

56
Q

is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves

A

DNA replication

57
Q

In DNA replication, the two strands of DNA doucle helix are regarded as pair of

A

templates or patterns

58
Q

A nucleotide chain has directionality.
One end of the nucleotide chain, the 5’ end, normally carries a free _______________________ attached to the 5’ carbon atom.

A

phosphate group

59
Q

The other end of the nucleotide chain, the 3’ end, normally has a free __________________ attached to the 3’ carbon atom

A

hydroxyl group

60
Q

A nucleotide chain has ______________.

A

directionality

61
Q

involves two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other in a helical fashion

A

secondary structure

62
Q

checks the correct base pairing and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages

A

DNA polymerase

63
Q

The newly synthesized DNA has one

A

new DNA strand and old DNA strand

64
Q

DNA Replication process

A
  1. Helicases unwind the parental double helix
  2. Single-strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA
  3. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by DNA polymerase
  4. The lagging strand is desynthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki Fragment
  5. After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand
65
Q

under the influence of the enzyme ___________, the DNA double helix unwinds and the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken

A

DNA helicase

66
Q

The point at which the DNA double helix is unwinding, which is constantly changing (moving) is called

A

replication fork

67
Q

is a unit of inheritance

A

gene

68
Q

is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity

A

gene

69
Q

the net result of DNA replication is the production of

A

two daughter DNA molecules

70
Q

the strand that grows continuously is called the

A

leading strand

71
Q

teh strand thta is synthesized in small segements is called

A

lagging strand

72
Q

A human being has 20,000 to 25,000 genes located on 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). These genes are known,
collectively, as the

A

human genome

73
Q

Genes consist of three types of nucleotide sequence:

A
  • coding regions, called exons
  • non-coding regions, called introns
  • regulatory sequences
74
Q
  • coding regions
    -which specify a sequence of amino acids
A

exons

75
Q
  • non-coding regions
  • which do not specify amino acids
A

introns

76
Q

which play a role in determining when and where the protein is made (and how much is made)

A

regulatory sequences

77
Q

are forms of the same gene with small difference in their sequence of DNA bases

A

alleles

78
Q

is the actual genetic code. It controls physical and
performance traits.

A

genotype

79
Q

cannot be changed by environmental factors

A

genotype

80
Q

is the organism’s physical or outward appearance. This is the part of the genotype the organism expresses or
shows.

A

phenotype

81
Q

are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body

A

chromosomes

82
Q

humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

83
Q

Upon DNA replication the large DNA molecules
interacts with _________ proteins to fold long DNA
molecules.

A

histone

84
Q

histone–DNA complexes are called

A

chromosomes

85
Q

A chromosome is about ____ by mass DNA and _____ by mass protein

A

15%; 85%

86
Q

Formed directly by DNA transcription

A

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

87
Q

Post-transcription processing converts the hnRNA to

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

88
Q

Carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) from DNA

A

Messenger RNA

89
Q
  • Facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA.
  • Contains from 100 to 200 nucleotides
A

Small nuclear RNA (snRA)

90
Q

Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes - the
physical site for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

91
Q
  • Delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis
  • are the smalledt
A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

92
Q

protein synthesis is divided into two phases:

A

transcription and translation

93
Q

types of RNA molecules

A
  • Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Small nuclear RNA (snRA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
94
Q

Protein synthesis is directly under the direction of

A

DNA

95
Q

A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules

A

Transcription

96
Q

a process in which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

A

Translation

97
Q

A segment of a DNA base sequence responsible for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule

A

gene

98
Q

All of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism

A

genome

99
Q

of molecular biology describes the two-step process,
transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein.

A

central dogma

100
Q

is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA

A

Transcription

101
Q

RNA is synthesized by the enzyme

A

RNA polymerase

102
Q

carries DNAs message from the nucleus to the ribosome

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

103
Q

carries the correct amino acids to the ribosome so they can be added to the growing protein chain

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

104
Q
  • makes up part of the ribosome.
  • Helps read mRNAs message and assemble proteins.
A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

105
Q

Protein is made by adding amino acids to a growing peptide chain.

A

Transcription

106
Q

Three bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid

A

codon

107
Q

Every three bases on mRNA codes for one amino acid and is called a

A

codon

108
Q

three bases on tRNA that are complimentary to mRNA

A

anticodon

109
Q

The start codon on mRNA is the three letters

A

AUG

110
Q

tells RNA polymerase to stop making the protein

A

stop codon

111
Q

the making of proteins by the cell

A

protein synthesis

112
Q

Several factors determine the differences between
all the proteins in your body.

A
  1. the order of amino acids
  2. shape of the protein
113
Q

The shape of a protein is changed and it stops working.

A

denaturation

114
Q

Replication, transcription & translation occur in the ___________________ at the same time

A

cytoplasm

115
Q

Proteins are made by joining amino acids with a peptide bond into long chains called

A

polypeptides

116
Q

DNA bases that are transcribed into mRNA and eventually code for amino acids in proteins (=expressed genes)

A

Exons

117
Q

DNA basesthat are found btwn exons & are not translated into a protein (=interrupted genes)

A

Introns

118
Q

Enzyme binds to places with specific DNA sequences called

A

promoters

Biochemistry - Lecture (4 decks)

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