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Biochemistry - Lecture > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Functions or Biological Importance of Lipids

A
  1. storage for of energy (triacylglycerol)
  2. structural components of biomembranes (phospholipids and cholesterol)
  3. metabolic regulators (steroid hormones and prostaglandins)
  4. act as surfactants, detergents and emulsifying agents (amphipathic lipids)
  5. act as electric insulators in neurons
  6. provide insulation against changes in external temperature
  7. give shape and contour to the body
  8. protect internal organs by providing a cushioning effect (pads of fat)
  9. help in absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
  10. improve taste and palatability of food
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2
Q

An organic compound found in living organisms
that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but
soluble in non-polar organic solvents

A

Lipids

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3
Q

Lipids are ________________________________ in water

A

insoluble (or only sparingly soluble)

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4
Q

Lipis are ________________ in non-polar organic solvents

A

soluble

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5
Q

Classification of Lipids: Based on two methods

A
  • Biochemical function
    – Saponification (hydrolysis under basic conditions)
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6
Q

For purposes of simplicity of study lipids are divided into
five categories based on their biochemical function:

A
  • Energy-storage lipids
  • Membrane lipids
  • Emulsification lipids
  • Chemical messenger lipids
  • Protective-coating lipids
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7
Q

Energy-storage lipids

A

triacylglycerols

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8
Q

Membrane lipids

A

phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol

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9
Q

Emulsification lipids

A

bile acids

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10
Q

Chemical messenger lipids -

A

steroid hormones and eicosanoids

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11
Q

Protective-coating lipids

A

biological waxes

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12
Q

Hydrolysis reaction that occurs in a basic solution

A

Saponification reaction

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13
Q

Based on saponification reactions lipids are divided into
two categories :

A

-Saponifiable lipids
- Nonsaponifiable lipids

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14
Q

Saponifiable lipids

A

triacylglycerols phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, cholesterol and biological waxes

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15
Q

Nonsaponifiable lipids

A

bile acids, steroid hormones and eicosanoids

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16
Q

are esters that undergo hydrolysis in basic solution to yield two or more smaller product molecules

A

Saponifiable lipids

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17
Q

are not esters and cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller components

A

Nonsaponifiable lipids

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18
Q

Lipids exhibit structural diversity:

A

Some are esters, some are amides, and some are alcohols (acyclic and cyclic) andsome are polycyclic.

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19
Q

storage for of energy

A

triacylglycerol

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20
Q

structural components of biomembranes

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

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21
Q

metabolic regulators

A

steroid hormones and prostaglandins

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22
Q

act as surfactants, detergents and emulsifying agents

A

amphipathic lipids

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23
Q

protect internal organs by providing a cushioning effect

A

pads of fat

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24
Q

help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

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25
Q

12:0 carbon skeleton

A

Lauric acid

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26
Q

14:0 carbon skeleton

A

Myristic acid

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27
Q

16:0 carbon skeleton

A

Palmitic acid

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28
Q

18:0 carbon skeleton

A

Stearic acid

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29
Q

20:0 carbon skeleton

A

Arachidic acid

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30
Q

24:0 carbon skeleton

A

Lignoceric acid

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31
Q

16:1 carbon skeleton

A

Palmitoleic acid

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32
Q

18:1 carbon skeleton

A

Oleic acid

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33
Q

18:2 carbon skeleton

A

Linoleic acid

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34
Q

18:3 carbon skeleton

A

Linolenic acid

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35
Q

20:4 carbon skeleton

A

Arachidonic acid

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36
Q

Carboxylic acids with linear (unbranched) carbon chain

A

Fatty Acids

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37
Q

are naturally occurring monocarboxylic acids

A

Fatty Acids

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38
Q

Even # of Carbon atoms:
– Long chain fatty acids:

A

C12 - C26

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39
Q

Even # of Carbon atoms: Medium chain fatty acids:

A

C6- C11

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40
Q

Even # of Carbon atoms: Short-chain fatty acids:

A

C4- C5

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41
Q

Two Types of Fatty Acids:

A

Saturated and Unsaturated

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42
Q

all C-C bonds are single bonds

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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43
Q

one C=C bond

A

Monounsaturated

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44
Q

2 or more C=C bonds present

A

Polyunsaturated

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45
Q

up to ______________________ are present in fatty acids

A

six double bonds

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46
Q

Fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all C-C bonds are single bonds

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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47
Q

In Saturated Fatty Acids, numbering starts from the

A

end of -COOH group

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48
Q

is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon
carbon double bond is present

A

monounsaturated fatty acid

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49
Q

is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon–carbon double bonds are present.

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)

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50
Q

are found in biochemically important PUFAs.

A

Up to six double bonds

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51
Q

Two types of unsaturated fatty acids.

A
  • Omega (ω)-3 fatty acids
  • Omega (ω)-6 fatty acids
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52
Q

An unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end

A

Omega (ω)-3 fatty acids

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53
Q

is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end

A

Omega (ω)-6 fatty acids

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54
Q

Essential Fatty Acids: Must be part of diet

A

Omega Acids

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55
Q

Nutritionally important Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids:

A

– Linolenic acid – Omega-3
– Linoleic acid – Omega-6

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56
Q

Linoleic Acid Deficiency:

A

– Skin redness - becomes irritated
– Infections and dehydration
– Liver abnormalities
– Children need it the most
– Human milk has more than cow’s milk

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57
Q

American Diet is sufficient in ______________________ and deficient in _________________

A

omega 6 fatty acids; omega 3 fatty acids

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58
Q

good source for omega 3 fatty acids

A

Fish

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59
Q

High rate of heart disease may be due to imbalance in
omega 3 and 6 fatty acids
– Ideal ratio:

A

Omega 6 : Omega 3 (4 - 10 g: 1g)

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60
Q

Water solubility: Short chain fatty acids ___________________ whereas long chain fatty acids are _____________

A

have some solubility; insoluble

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61
Q

Short chain fatty acids are sparingly soluble because
of

A

carboxylic acid polar group

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62
Q

Melting Point Depends Upon:

A

– Length of carbon chain
– Degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds in a molecule)

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63
Q

The number of bends in a fatty acid chain ____________ as
the number of double bonds __________

A

increase; increase

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64
Q

The most widespread energy storage material

A

carbohydrate glycogen

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65
Q

Major energy–storage material is

A

triacylglycerols

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66
Q

Triacylglycerols are concentrated primarily in

A

special cells (adipocytes)

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67
Q

Adipocytes are nearly filled with

A

triacylglycerols

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68
Q

Two Types of Triacylglycerols

A
  • Simple Triacylglycerols
  • Mixed Triacylglycerols
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69
Q

Three identical fatty acids areesterified

A

Simple Triacylglycerols

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70
Q

A triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid

A

Mixed Triacylglycerols

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71
Q

Physical State:
– Fats

A
  • Predominantly Saturated
  • Solids or semisolids at room temperature
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72
Q

Physical State:
– Oils:

A
  • Predominantly unsaturated
  • Liquids at room temperature
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73
Q

Source of Fats

A

Animal source and tasteless

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74
Q

Source of Oils

A

Plants and fish oil

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75
Q

Pure oils and fats are

A

colorless, odorless

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76
Q

Current recommended amounts are: total fat intake in calories:

A
  • 15% - Monounsaturated fat
  • 10% - Polyunsaturated
  • <10% - Saturated fats
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77
Q

Saturated fats are considered

A

bad fats

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78
Q

Monounsaturated fats are considered

A

good fats

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79
Q

Trans-monounsaturated fats are considered

A

bad fats

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80
Q

Polyunsaturated fats can be

A

both “good fats” and “bad fats”

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81
Q

Omega 3 and 6 are

A

important “good fats”

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82
Q

Fatty acids that must be obtained from

A

dietary sources

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83
Q

Two most important essential fatty acids are:

A

– Linoleic acid (18:2) - omega 6
– Linolenic acid (18:3) - omega 3

84
Q

both omega acids are needed for:

A

– Proper membrane structure
– Serve as starting materials for the production of several
nutritionally important longer-chain omega-6 and
omega-3 fatty acids

85
Q

Deficiencies of above two acids may result in

A

skin redness, infections and dehydration likely and liver abnormalities may develop

86
Q

Chemical Properties due to two functional groups:

A

esters and alkenes

87
Q

Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols

A

Hydrolysis, Saponification, Hydrogenation, Oxidation

88
Q

Partial hydrolysis of triacylglycerols

A

Hydrolysis

89
Q

Breaking of 1-2 ester bonds to give rise to mono- or
diacylglycerol and fatty acid(s)

A

Hydrolysis

90
Q

Hydrolysis in basic solution:

A

Saponification

91
Q

Produce salt of fatty acid and glycerol

A

Saponification

92
Q

Addition of hydrogen across double (=) bond - increases degree of saturation

A

Hydrogenation

93
Q

Many food products are produced by

A

partial hydrogenation of oils and fats

94
Q

Peanut oil + H2

A

Peanut Butter

95
Q

Vegetable oil + H2

A

Margarine

96
Q

Remember that oxidation of alkenes may result into two short chain molecules:

A

an aldehydes or a carboxylic acid

97
Q

Double bonds in triacylglycerols are subject to oxidation with oxygen in air (an oxidizing agent )-Leads to C=C breakage

A

Oxidation

98
Q

The aldehydes and/or carboxylic acids so produced often have objectionable odors - fats and oils are said to be

A

rancid

99
Q

All cells are surrounded by a ____________ that confines
their contents.

A

membrane

100
Q

Up to 80% of the mass of a cell membrane can be lipid
materials – dominated by

A

phospholipids

101
Q

contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule (glycerol or sphingosine) to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group.

A

Phospholipid

102
Q

is a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group

A

Glycerophospholipids

103
Q

All attachments (bonds) between groups in a glycerophospholipid are

A

ester linkages

104
Q

Glycerophospholipids have _____________________ as
contrasted to three ester linkages in triacylglycerols.

A

four ester linkages

105
Q

undergo hydrolysis and saponification reactions in a manner similar to that for triacylglycerols

A

Glycerophospholipids

106
Q

The alcohol attached to the phosphate group in a
glycophospholipid is usually one of three amino alcohols:

A

choline, ethanolamine, or serine

107
Q

choline, ethanolamine, or serine are respectively known as

A

phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and
phosphatidylserines

108
Q

difference between triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids

A
  • Triacylglycerols serve as energy storage molecules
    – Glycerophospholipids function as components of cell
    membranes
109
Q

serve as energy storage molecules

A

Triacylglycerols

110
Q

function as components of cell membranes

A

Glycerophospholipids

111
Q

A major structural difference between the two types of
lipids is that of their “polarity” – Responsible for the their
differing biochemical functions.
Triacylglycerols are a

A

non-polar

112
Q

A major structural difference between the two types of
lipids is that of their “polarity” – Responsible for the their
differing biochemical functions.
Glycerophospholipids are:

A

polar

113
Q

Structures based on the 18-carbon monounsaturated
aminodialcohol sphingosine

A

Sphingophospholipids

114
Q

Sphingophospholipids tructures based on the

A

18-carbon monounsaturated aminodialcohol sphingosine

115
Q

Contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group

A

Sphingophospholipids

116
Q

Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline are called

A

sphingomyelins

117
Q

are found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath of neurons

A

Sphingomyelins

118
Q

Contains both a fatty acid and carbohydrate

A

Sphingoglycolipids

119
Q

Simple sphingoglycolipids are called

A

cerebrosides

120
Q

contains a single monosaccharide unit - either glucose or galactose

A

cerebrosides

121
Q

They occur primarily in brain (7% of dry mass)

A

Simple sphingoglycolipids/cerebrosides

122
Q

Complex sphingoglycolipids are called

A

Gangliosides

123
Q

contain a branched chain of up to seven
monosaccharide residues

A

Gangliosides

124
Q

Occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath

A

Gangliosides

125
Q

is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused ring system of three 6 carbon rings and one 5 carbon ring.

A

steroid

126
Q

C27 steroid molecule

A

Cholesterol

127
Q

Important in human cell membranes, nerve tissue and
brain tissue

A

Cholesterol

128
Q

Important in chemical synthesis of various hormones and vitamins essential for life

A

Cholesterol

129
Q

A steroid is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused
ring system of

A

three 6 carbon rings and one 5 carbon ring

130
Q

synthesizes cholesterol

A

Liver

131
Q

Lot of cholesterol

A

Animal Food

132
Q

No cholesterol

A

Plant Food

133
Q

Cells are surrounded by

A

plasma membranes

134
Q

Separates aqueous interior of a cell from the aqueous
environment surrounding the cell

A

plasma membranes

135
Q

Up to 80% of plasma membrane is

A

lipid material

136
Q

The membranes are

A

lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids

137
Q

Nonpolar tails of phospholipids in the middle and polar
heads are on the surface

A

Bilayer

138
Q

The membrane is a liquid like structure due to

A

unsaturation in lipid tails

139
Q

helps regulate membrane fluidity – The fused ring system does nor allow rotation of fatty acid tails in the vicinity

A

Cholesterol

140
Q

Cholesterol thus acts a

A

membrane plasticizer

141
Q

Responsible for moving substances such as nutrients and electrolytes across the membrane

A

Membrane Proteins

142
Q

Receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters

A

Membrane Proteins

143
Q

Act as markers: process by which different cells recognize each other

A

Membrane Proteins

144
Q

Three types of transport

A

– Passive transport
– Facilitated transport
– Active transport

145
Q

a substance moves across a cell membrane by diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

Passive transport

146
Q

Only a few types of molecules, including ____________________________, can cross membranes by passive transport

A

O2, N2, H2O, urea, and ethanol

147
Q

a substance moves across a cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

Facilitated transport

148
Q

a substance moves across a cell membrane, with the aid of membrane proteins, against a concentration gradient with the expenditure of cellular energy

A

Active transport

149
Q

Proteins involved in active transport are called

A

pumps

150
Q

Proteins involved in active transport are called
“pumps.” The needed energy is supplied by molecules such as

A

ATP

151
Q

is a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution

A

emulsifier

152
Q

Cholesterol derivatives that functions as emulsifying agents that make dietary lipids soluble in aqueous environment of the digestive trac

A

Bile Acids

153
Q

Approximately one third of cholesterol produced by liver is converted to

A

bile acids

154
Q

are tri- or dihydroxy cholesterol derivatives

A

Bile acids

155
Q

A fluid containing emulsifying agents (Bile acids) secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine during digestion

A

Bile

156
Q

Bile is secreted by the

A

liver

157
Q

bile is stored in the

A

gallbladder

158
Q

biles is released into the ______________ during digestion

A

small intestine

159
Q

is a biochemical substance produced by a ductless gland that has a messenger function

A

hormone

160
Q

serve as a means of communication between various tissues

A

Hormones

161
Q

Some hormones are

A

lipids

162
Q

The lipids that play the role of “chemical messengers” include:

A

Steroid hormones and Eicosanoids

163
Q

derivatives of cholesterol

A

Steroid hormones

164
Q

derivatives of arachidonic acid

A

Eicosanoids

165
Q

There are two major classes of steroid hormones:

A
  • Sex hormones
  • Adrenocorticoid hormones
166
Q

control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics

A

Sex hormones

167
Q

control numerous biochemical processes in the body

A

Adrenocorticoid hormones

168
Q

Sex Hormones are Classified into three major groups:

A

– Estrogens
– Androgens
– Progestins

169
Q

the female sex hormones

A

Estrogens

170
Q

the male sex hormones

A

Androgens

171
Q

the pregnancy hormones

A

Progestins

172
Q

Produced by the adrenal glands - small organs located
on top of each kidney

A

Adrenocorticoid Hormones

173
Q

small organs located on top of each kidney

A

adrenal glands

174
Q

have been isolated from the adrenal cortex

A

28 Different hormones

175
Q

Two types of adrenocorticoid hormones:

A
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
176
Q

control the balance of Na and K ions in cells

A

Mineralocorticoids

177
Q

control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation

A

Glucocorticoids

178
Q

are arachidonic acid (20:4) derivatives

A

Eicosanoids

179
Q

Have profound physiological effects at extremely low concentrations

A

Eicosanoids

180
Q

are hormone-like molecules

A

Eicosanoids

181
Q

Exert their effects in the tissues where they are synthesized.

A

Eicosanoids

182
Q

Eicosanoids usually have a

A

very short “life”

183
Q

Physiological effects of eicosanoids:

A

– Inflammatory response
– Production of pain and fever
– Regulation of blood pressure
– Induction of blood clotting
– Control of reproductive functions, such as induction of labor
– Regulation of the sleep/wake cycle

184
Q

Principal Types of Eicosanoids

A
  1. Prostoglandins
  2. Thromboxanes
  3. Leukotrienes
185
Q

C20-fatty-acid derivative containing cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups

A

Prostoglandins

186
Q

Involved in raising body temperature

A

Prostoglandins

187
Q

Inhibiting the secretion of gastric juices

A

Prostoglandins

188
Q

Increasing the secretion of a protective mucus layer into the stomach,

A

Prostoglandins

189
Q

Relaxing and contracting smooth muscle, directing water and electrolyte balance, intensifying pain, and enhancing inflammation responses

A

Prostoglandins

190
Q

C20-fatty-acid derivative containing a cyclic ether ring and oxygen-containing functional groups

A

Thromboxanes

191
Q

Promote platelet aggregation

A

Thromboxanes

192
Q

C20-fatty-acid derivative containing three conjugated double bonds and hydroxyl groups

A

Leukotrienes

193
Q

Promote inflammatory and hypersensitivity (allergy) responses

A

Leukotrienes

194
Q

a monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a longchain alcohol

A

biological wax

195
Q

fatty acids found in biological waxes:

A

– Generally are saturated fatty acids
– Contain 14 to 36 carbon atoms.

196
Q

The alcohols found in biological waxes:

A
  • May be saturated or unsaturated
    – May contain 16 to 30 carbon atoms
197
Q

SAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS

A

Triacylglycerols
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingophospholipids
Sphingoglycolipids
Biological waxes

198
Q

NONSAPONIFIABLE LIPIDS

A

Cholesterol
Bile acids,
Steroid hormones
Eicosanoids

199
Q

A lipid that undergoes hydrolysis in a basic solution to yield 2 or more small molecules

A

Saponifiable Lipid

200
Q

Saponification is possible in molecules that contain
the following linkages (bonds):

A

̶ Ester
̶ Amide
̶ Glycosidic

201
Q

Saponifiable Lipids and Linkages:
Triacylglycerols -

A

3 ester bonds

202
Q

Saponifiable Lipids and Linkages:
Glycerophospholipids –

A

4 ester bonds

203
Q

Saponifiable Lipids and Linkages:
Sphingophospholipids -

A

1 amide and 2 esterbonds

204
Q

Saponifiable Lipids and Linkages:
Sphingoglycolipids: -

A

1 amide, 1 ester and 1 glycosidic bond

205
Q

Saponifiable Lipids and Linkages:
Biological waxes –

A

1 ester bond

Biochemistry - Lecture (4 decks)

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