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BIO 024 > NUCLEIC ACIDS > Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

1
Q

is an unbranched polymer containing the monomer units called nucleotides

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

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2
Q

2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA)
RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)

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3
Q

IS A NUCLEIOTIDE POLYMER IN WHICH EACH OF THE MONOMERS CONTAINS DEOXYRIBOSE, A PHOSPHATE GROUP, AND ONE OF THE HETEROCYCLIC BASES ADENINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE OR THYMINE

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA)

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4
Q

IS A NUCLEOTIDE POLYMER IN WHICH EACH OF THE MONOMERS CONTAINS RIBOSE, A PHOSPHATE GROUP, AND ONE OF THE HETEROCYCLIC BASES ADENINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE OR URACIL

A

RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)

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5
Q

A SWISS PHYSIOLOGIST, DISCOVERED NUCLEIC ACIDS IN 1869 WHILE STUDYING THE NUCLEI OF WBC

A

FRIEDRICH MIESCHER

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6
Q

COINED DNA MOLECULE AS THREE-DIMENSIONAL DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE

A

JAMES DEWEY WATSON
FRANCIS CRICK

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7
Q

TYPE OF STRAND OF DNA

A

DOUBLE HELIX WITH ANTI-PARALLEL AND COMPLEMENTARY STRAND

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8
Q

TYPE OF STRAND OF RNA

A

SINGLE STRAND

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9
Q

LENGTH OF STRAND OF RNA

A

SHORTER

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10
Q

LENGTH OF STRAND OF DNA

A

LONGER

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11
Q

LOCATION OF DNA

A

FOUND IN NUCLEUS, WITH A SMALL AMOUNT ALSO PRESENT IN MITOCHONDRIA

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12
Q

LOCATION OF RNA

A

FORMS IN NUCLEOLUS, AND THEN MOVES TO SPECIALIZED REGIONS OF THE CYTOPLASM DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF RNA FORMED

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13
Q

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF DNA

A

REPLICATES AND STORES OR THE BLUEPRINT GENETIC INFORMATION

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14
Q

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF RNA

A

CONVERTS THE GENETIC INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN DNA TO A FORMAT USED TO BUILD PROTEINS

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15
Q

CONVERTS THE GENETIC INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN DNA TO A FORMAT USED TO BUILD PROTEINS

A

RNA

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16
Q

REPLICATES AND STORES OR THE BLUEPRINT GENETIC INFORMATION

A

DNA

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17
Q

SUGAR UNIT OF DNA

A

DEOXYRIBOSE

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18
Q

SUGAR UNIT OF RNA

A

RIBOSE

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19
Q

LESSER OXYGEN

A

DEOXYRIBOSE

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20
Q

6 MEMBERED RING

A

PYRIMIDINE

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21
Q

DOUBLE RING STRUCTURE

A

PURINE

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22
Q

[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]

ADENINE

A

PURINE

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23
Q

[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]

GUANINE

A

PURINE

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24
Q

[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]

CYTOSINE

A

PYRIMIDINE

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25
Q

[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]

URACIL

A

PYRIMIDINE

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26
Q

[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]

THYMINE

A

PYRIMIDINE

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27
Q

PHOSPHATE+NITROGENOUS BASE

A

NUCLEOTIDE

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28
Q

SUGAR+NITROGENOUS BASE

A

NUCLEOSIDE

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29
Q

BUILDING BLOCK OF DNA AND RNA

A

NUCLEOTIDE

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30
Q

NUCLEOSIDE OF ADENINE IN DNA

A

DEOXYADENOSINE

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31
Q

NUCLEOTIDE OF ADENINE IN DNA

A

DEOXYADENOSINE 5’-MONOPHOSPHATE (dAMP)

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32
Q

NUCLEOTIDE OF GUANINE IN DNA

A

DEOXYGUANOSINE 5’-MONOPHOSPHATE

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33
Q

NUCLEOSIDE OF GUANINE IN DNA

A

DEOXYGUANOSINE

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34
Q

NUCLEOSIDE OF CYTOSINE IN DNA

A

DEOXYCYTIDINE

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35
Q

NUCLEOTIDE OF CYTOSINE IN DNA

A

DEOXYCYTIDINE 5’-MONOPHOSPHATE

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36
Q

NUCLEOSIDE OF THYMINE IN DNA

A

DEOXYTHYMIDINE

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37
Q

NUCLEOTIDE OF THYMINE IN DNA

A

DEOXYTHYMIDINE 5’-MONOPHOSPHATE

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38
Q

NUCLEOSIDE OF ADENINE IN RNA

A

ADENOSINE

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39
Q

NUCLEOTIDE OF ADENINE IN RNA

A

ADENOSINE 5’-MONOPHOSPHATE

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40
Q

NUCLEOSIDE OF URACIL IN RNA

A

URIDINE

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41
Q

NUCLEOTIDE OF URACIL IN RNA

A

URIDINE 5’-MONOPHOSPHATE

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42
Q

NUCLEOSIDE OF CYTOSINE IN RNA

A

CYTIDINE

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43
Q

NUCLEOTIDE OF CYTOSINE IN RNA

A

CYTIDINE 5’-MONOPHOSPHATE

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44
Q

NUCLEOSIDE OF GUANINE IN RNA

A

GUANOSINE

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45
Q

NUCLEOTIDE OF GUANINE IN RNA

A

GUANOSINE 5’-MONOPHOSPHATE

46
Q

PHOSPHATE GROUP THAT LINKS 5’ NUCLEOTIDE AND 3’ NUCLEOTIDE

A

PHOSPHODIESTER BOND

47
Q

what happen to purine-purine base pairing?

A

they overlap

48
Q

four possible purine-pyrimidine combinations

A

A-T, A-C, G-T and G-C

note: A-T and G-C are the most favorable hydrogen-bonding

49
Q

[TRUE OR FALSE]

A and T are NOT always equal

A

FALSE

note: A and T present are always equal

50
Q

[TRUE OR FALSE]

The two strands of DNA in a double helix are NOT IDENTICAL

A

TRUE

note: they are complementary

51
Q

ARE STRANDS OF DNA IN A DOUBLE HELIX WITH BASE PAIRING SUCH THAT EACH BASE IS LOCATED OPPOSITE ITS COMPLEMENTARY BASE

A

COMPLEMENTARY STRAND

e.g. whenever G occurs in one strand, there is a C in the other strand; whenever T occurs in one strand, there is an A in the other strand. HOWEVER, WITH RNA THE BASE A IS PAIRED WITH ‘U’ NOT WITH ‘T’

52
Q

WHAT IS THE NATURE OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE?

A

HYDROPHOBIC IN NATURE

53
Q

the most common or principal form of the DNA double helix that occurs in nature

54
Q

a form of a DNA double helix characterized by having fewer residues per turn and major and minor grooves with dimensions that are more similar to each other than those of B-DNA

55
Q

Found as artifact of DNA preparation or dehydrated B-DNA samples

56
Q

has been seen to occur naturally under certain circumstances

57
Q

has zigzag look

58
Q

helix turn of A-DNA

A

right handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the right hand as the thumb is placed upward

59
Q

helix turn of B-DNA

A

right handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the right hand as the thumb is placed upward

60
Q

helix turn of Z-DNA

A

Left handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the left hand as the thumb is placed upward

61
Q

[Major Groove]

A-DNA

A

narrow and deep

62
Q

[Major Groove]

B-DNA

A

wide and deep

63
Q

[Major Groove]

Z-DNA

64
Q

[Minor Groove]

A-DNA

A

wide and shallow

65
Q

[Minor Groove]

B-DNA

A

Narrow and Deep

66
Q

[Minor Groove]

Z-DNA

A

Narrow and Deep

67
Q

Number of base pairs per helical turn of A-DNA

68
Q

Number of base pairs per helical turn of B-DNA

69
Q

Number of base pairs per helical turn of Z-DNA

70
Q

A-DNA is present mostly in…

A

DNA-RNA hybrids or RNA-RNA double stranded regions

71
Q

B-DNA is present mostly in…

A

chromosomal DNA

72
Q

Z-DNA is present mostly in…

A

sequence of alternating purines and pyrimidines

ex. polyGC like dCpGpCpGpCpG

73
Q

what does eukaryote form?

74
Q

contains one long, linear molecule of dsDNA, which is bound to a complex mixture proteins(histone and non-histone) to form chromatin

75
Q

have closed, circular DNA molecules in their mitochondria, as do plant chloroplasts

A

Eukaryotes

76
Q

It typically contains a single, double-stranded, supercoiled, circular chromosome

A

Prokaryotic organism

77
Q

Each prokaryotic chromosome is associated with non-histone proteins that can condense the DNA to form?

78
Q

Most species of bacteria(prokaryotes) also contains small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules called.

79
Q

What does it form if the strands are underwound?

A

negative supercoils

80
Q

What does it form if the strands are overwound?

A

Positive supercoils

81
Q

Underwound duplex DNA has _____ than the normal number of turns

82
Q

Overwound DNA has _____ than the normal number of turns

83
Q

Is analogous twisting or untwisting a rope so that it is torsionally stresses

A

DNA supercoiling

84
Q

Introduces a torsional stress that favors the unwinding of the right handed B-DNA double helix

A

Negative supercoiling

85
Q

It favors overwinding of helix

A

Positive supercoiling

86
Q

[TRUE OR FALSE]

Naturally occuring circular DNA is positively supercoiled

A

FALSE

note: it only becomes positively supercoiled during replication

87
Q

Enzymes that are involved in changing the supercoiles state of DNA

A

Topoisomerase

88
Q

2 Types of Topoisomerase

A

Class I Topoisomerase
Class II Topoisomerase

89
Q

Type of Topoisomerase that cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand of DNA, pass the other end through, and then reseal the backbone

A

Class I Topoisomerase

90
Q

Type of Topoisomerase that cut both strands of DNA, pass some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut ends, and then reseal

A

Class II Topoisomerase

91
Q

is a bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils into DNA

A

DNA gyrase

92
Q

carries genetic information, and undergoes replication that may or may not synchronized to chromosomal division

A

Plasmid DNA

93
Q

Principal proteins in chromatin

94
Q

Five types of Histones

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

95
Q

The DNA is tightly bound to all the types of histone except

96
Q

What do you call the bead-like on a string?

A

Nucleosome

97
Q

consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone core

A

Nucleosome

98
Q

complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic nuclei

99
Q

is an individual DNA molecule bound to a group of proteins

A

Chromosomes

100
Q

Percentage of Chromosomes by mass DNA

101
Q

Percentage of Chromosomes by Mass Proteins

102
Q

It facilitates the conversion of heterogenous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA

103
Q

known as RNA directed to DNA polymerase

A

Reverse Transcriptase

104
Q

complexes of DNA plus proteins (collectively known as shelterin) located at the end s of linear chromosomes.

105
Q

the product of helicase after unzipping the mother DNA

A

replication fork

106
Q

the one who unzips the mother DNA

A

DNA helicase

107
Q

The strand that grows continously

A

Leading Strand

108
Q

The strand that is synthesized in small segments

A

Lagging strand

109
Q

short segments, as the DNA unwinds

A

Okazaki Fragments

110
Q

discoverer of Okazaki Fragments

A

Reiji Okazaki

111
Q

The breaks or gaps in daugther strand

112
Q

influence the unwinding of DNA double helix, and the hydrogen bond between complementary bases are broken

A

DNA Helicase

BIO 024 (10 decks)

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