Nucleic Acids Flashcards
1
Q
2 types of Nucleic acids
A
RNA and DNA
2
Q
are macromolecules found in all cells, which participate in the storage, transmission and translation of gene information
A
Nucleic acids
3
Q
Consists of long chained nucleotides (polynucleotides) combined with another thru Phosphate Diester Linkage
A
Nucleic acids
4
Q
the sequence of nucleic acid is always___
A
5-3
5
Q
biological significance of Nucleic acids
A
storage and transmission of genetic information
precise synthesis of protein characteristics of individual cell
6
Q
Nucleic acid:
_____ to alcohol
_____ in cold water but readily dissolved in hot water and dilute alkalies, forming ______
_____ by HCl and by excess of acetic acid
A
Insoluble in alcohol
slightly soluble in cold water / forming alkali salts
precipitated by HCl
7
Q
the nucleic acid responsible for using the genetic information encoded in DNA to produce the thousands of proteins found in living organisms
A
RNA / Ribonucleic Acid
8
Q
the nucleic acid that stores genetic information
A
DNA / Deoxyribonucleic Acid
9
Q
molecules of heredity
A
DNA
10
Q
DNA is made up of mononucleosides ___ , ____ , ____ linked in various sequence with 3 - 5 phosphate diester linkage
A
d-AMP , d-GMP, d-TMP
11
Q
DNA + Histone =
A
chromatin complex
12
Q
basic pairing rules:
A
A = T
G = C
13
Q
found in the nucleus of cells as a double-stranded, highly twisted polymer
A
DNA
14
Q
double-coiled chain of nucleotides; resembling a ladder twisted into a helix
A
DNA
15
Q
DNA Types
A
A-DNA, B-DNA, Z-DNA
16
Q
is a right handed double helix similar to B-DNA form.
A
A-DNA
17
Q
dehydrated DNA takes an A form that protects the DNA during extreme condition such as desiccation.
the protein binding also removes the solvent from DNA and the DNA takes an A form
A
A-DNA
18
Q
The most common DNA conformation and is a right-handed helix; majority of DNA has this type of conformation under normal physiological conditions.
A
B-DNA
19
Q
is a left handed DNA where the double helix winds to the left in a zigzag pattern
A
Z-DNA
20
Q
It is found ahead of the start site of a gene and hence it is believed to have some role in the gene regulation
A
Z-DNA
21
Q
discovered the Z-DNA
A
Andres Wang & Alexander Rich
22
Q
DNA was first recognized and identified by _____________ in ____ during his research in white blood cells
A
swiss biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869
23
Q
They discovered the double helix structure of a DNA molecule through the experimental data; proving that DNA is responsible for storing the genetic information of a human being
A
James Watson & Francis Crick
24
Q
is a biochemist who discovered that the number of nitrogenous bases in the DNA was present in equal quantities. A=T, C=G
A
Erwin Chargaff
25
functions of DNA
replication (make copies of itself) ; transcription (transfer genetic info to m-RNA)
26
DNA that constitutes the total genetic information content of an organism
Genome
27
The segment of the genome that can be translated is called _____
Gene
28
DNA segment that do not convey code for genetic information
Introns
29
DNA segments that convey genetic information
Exons
30
ALPHA - HELIX
WATSON - CRICK MODEL
31
a single chain of nucleotides
RNA / Ribonucleic Acid
32
RNA is made up of major mononucleotides: ___ ___ ___ ___
AMP, GMP, UMP, CMP
33
FORMS OF RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) , Transfer RNA (tRNA)
34
it is made in the nucleus of the cell as a component to a DNA strand
pairing nile: UA; GC
Messenger RNA / mRNA
35
serves as cytoplasmic messenger of genes and carrier of genetic information for protein synthesis
mRNA
36
comprises 70-80% of the total cell RNA - most abundant
binds the m-RNA and enzyme for protein synthesis
used as a structural component of the ribosome
rRNA
37
10-15% of total RNA content of cell
carry specific amino acids to the ribosomes and decodes genetic info in mRNA in terms of sequence
tRNA
38
Nucleic acids are substances with high molecular weight and are made up of _________???
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
39
Nitrogenous Bases
Pyrimidine & Purine
40
it is isolated from the hydrolysis of nucleic acid
they have only one ring
Pyrimidine
41
under pyrimidine, plays an important role in metabolic processes
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
42
produces experimental diabetes and helped in the study of the nature of diabetes mellitus
Alloxan (2,4,5,6 - tetraoxypyrimidine)
43
used as an antithyroid drugs
Thiouracil/Propylthiouracil
44
PyCUT
Pyrimidine - Cytosine - Uracil - Thymine
45
it is made up of 6 membered pyrimidine ring and a five membered imidazole ring (2 rings)
Purine
46
most important in nature which are metabolic products in animals
Purine
47
under purine that has a weak acidic property
Uric Acid
48
xanthine from tea and coffee
Caffeine (1, 3, 7 trimethylxanthine)
49
xanthine from tea and cocoa
Theobromine (3, 7 dimethylxanthine)
50
PurGA
Purine - Adenine - Guanine
51
nitrogenous base + sugar
Nucleosides
52
are derivatives of purine and pyrimidine that have a sugar linked to a ring nitrogen of a purine or pyrimidine
Nucleosides
53
formed between C-1 of the sugar and N-1 of pyrimidine base of N-9 of Purine base; WATER is eliminated in the process.
Nucleosides
54
Common Nucleosides of RNA (Pyrimidine and Purine)
Cytidine & Uridine
Adenosine & Guanosine
55
Common Nucleosides of DNA
Deoxycytidine & Deoxyuridine
Deoxyadenosine & Deoxyguanosine
56
Common Nucleotides of RNA (Pyrimidine & Purine)
Cytidylic Acid / Cytidine monophosphate
Uridylic Acid /Uridine monophosphate
Adenylic Acid / Adenosine monophosphate
Guanylic Acid / Guanosine monophosphate
57
Common Nucleotides of DNA
Deoxycytidylic Acid / Deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxyuridylic Acid / Deoxyuridine monophosphate
Deoxyadenylic Acid / Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
Deoxyguanylic Acid / Deoxyguanosine monophosphate
58
is a series of theories of the transmission of hereditary information and protein synthesis - Francis Crick
The Central Dogma
59
the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce structures of the cell
Gene Expression
60
DNA when replicates will transfer genetic info from parent to offspring
is a copying process by which DNA is applied to thew new cells formed by cell division
Replication DNA to DNA
61
this process involves the transfer of genetic info from a DNA strand thru base pairing to form complementary ribonucleotides, an RNA chain
Transcription DNA to RNA
62
This info is translated from nitrogenous base sequence to an amino acid sequence by tRNA as presented to it by the ribosomes forming proteins RNA to PROTEIN
Translation RNA to PROTEINS
63
central dogma 3 reactions:
Replication
Transcription
Translation
64
parent DNA to daughter DNA
Replication
65
DNA to mRNA
Transcription
66
mRNA to CHON (reading from 5' to 3')
Translation
67
only 1 strand will undergo transcription
SEME-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION
68
is the synthesis of a complimentary strand of RNA from a DNA template which takes place inside the nucleus
Transcription
69
the process of transcription requires both enzyme called ______ and a supply of RNA nucleotides.
RNA Polymerase
70
site where transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA
Promoter
71
RNA synthesis continues until RNA polymerase reaches a site on the DNA called _______
Terminator
72
Inhibitors of RNA synthesis
Actinomycin D & Mitomycin
Rifampicin
Quinolones & Fluoroquinoloes
73
intercalate with DNA strands thus blocking transcription; as anticancer drugs
Actinomycin D & Mitomycin
74
widely used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy
Rifampicin
75
inhibit DNA gyrase (prokaryotic topoisomerase II), preventing DNA replication and transcription
Quinolones & Fluoroquinolones
76
3 steps of Transcription
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
77
beginning of transcription; occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase bind to a region of a gene (promoter)
DNA unwinds so enzyme can "read" the bases of 1 of the DNA strands
Initiation
78
addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand; RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and build the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs
adenine (a) binds to uracil (u) in RNA
Elongation
79
is the ending of the transcription; RNA polymerase crosses a stop sequence in the gene. mRNA strand complete and detaches from DNA
Termination
80
the site of translation
ribosome
81
both recognize thew specific codons and transport the required amino acids
transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules
82
Each tRNA molecule has an _______
Anticodon
83
sequence of 3 bases complementary to a codon
anticodon
84
ribosomes direct the orderly binding of tRNAs to codons to assemble the amino acids brought there into a chain, ultimately producing a ________
Protein
85
start codon
Methionine (AUG)
86
when translation ends the ______ , ______ and the ______ are available to be used again.
Ribosome, the mRNA and the tRNA
87
Inhibitors of protein synthesis
reversible inhibitors in bacteria- Bacteriostatic Agents
irreversible inhibitors in Bacteria - Bactericidal Agents
88
reversible inhibitors in bacteria- Bacteriostatic Agents
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
89
irreversible inhibitors in Bacteria - Bactericidal Agents
Streptomycin
90
irreversible inhibitors in Bacteria - Bactericidal Agents
Streptomycin
91
relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
DNA Gyrase
92
makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; Okazaki fragments, and new segments in excision repair
DNA Ligase
93
Synthesize DNA; proofread and facilitate repair of DNA
DNA Polymerase
94
unwinds double stranded DNA
Helicase
95
an RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template
Primase
96
Copies RNA from a DNA template
RNA Polymerase
97
any chemical or physical change that alters the sequence of bases in DNA molecule
any alteration in the protein as a result of a change in all cell structure
Mutation
98
substance that causes mutation either physical or chemical form
Mutagens
99
set of rules which give a relationship between the nitrogenous bases and the amino acid in a polypeptide chain
Genetic Code
100
stop codons:
UAG, UGA, UAA
101
gene that may replace one another at the same locus, responsible for alternate or contrasting characters
Alleles
102
diseases with autosomal dominant inheritance
chondrodystrophy (dwarfism)
huntington disease
103
diseases with autosomal recessive inheritance
Phenylketonuria
Albinism
Galactosemia
Sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis
104
examples of sex linked excessive inheritance
hemophilia
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
red-green color blindness
105
most abundant monosaccharide in nature
glucose
106
are the most important monosaccharide found in plants
the first detectable sugar in plants
hexoses
107
occur in free state in plants, sweet fruits, honey and inverted sugar
Glucose & Fructose
108
sugar form a vital importance in the glucose metabolism of animals and in the photosynthesis process of plants
Heptoses
109
carbon sugar isolated from avocado pulp
Octose
110
considered as the most abundant oligosaccharide
Disaccharides
111
those which yield a free aldehyde and ketone group
Reducing Disaccharides
112
Reducing Disaccaharides
Lactose
Maltose
Cellobiose
113
milk sugar least soluble and least sweet of all sugars
Lactose
114
Malt sugar found in germinating grains and in malt; among then series of substances formed by hydrolysis of starch
Maltose
115
obtained from the hydrolysis of cellulose from wood and cotton
Cellobiose
116
Tests for reducing sugar
Barfoed's Test - brick red ppt
Benedict's Test - brick red ppt.
Nylander's Test - black ppt.
Fehling's Test - brick red ppt.
117
Detection of reducing sugar in:
Fischer Formula & Haworth Structure
118
are those whose aldehyde group are involved in the linkage
no free aldehyde or ketone group
Non-reducing sugars
119
most widely distributed in nature
obtained commercially from sugar cane and sugar beets
Sucrose
120
is sweeter than sugar
invert sugar
121
yield for monosaccharide molecule on hydrolysis
Tetrasaccharides
122
fructose + glucose + 2 molecules of galactose
Stachyose
123
most abundant organic compound making up 50% or more of the carbon vegetation
Cellulose
124
the purest source of cellulose
cotton
125
serves as roughage for the evacuation of the bowel
cellulose
126
long chain of pentose units
Pentosans
127
found in wood, straw, rice bran and corn cobs
Xylans
128
found in gum Arabic, mucilage and fruit juices
Arabans
129
starch yielding glucose
Glucosan
130
polysaccharide produced by certain microorganisms when grown on sugar media
made up of units of D-glucose molecule with glycosidic linkage
Dextran
