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MT - BioLec > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of Nucleic acids

A

RNA and DNA

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2
Q

are macromolecules found in all cells, which participate in the storage, transmission and translation of gene information

A

Nucleic acids

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3
Q

Consists of long chained nucleotides (polynucleotides) combined with another thru Phosphate Diester Linkage

A

Nucleic acids

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4
Q

the sequence of nucleic acid is always___

A

5-3

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5
Q

biological significance of Nucleic acids

A

storage and transmission of genetic information
precise synthesis of protein characteristics of individual cell

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6
Q

Nucleic acid:
_____ to alcohol
_____ in cold water but readily dissolved in hot water and dilute alkalies, forming ______
_____ by HCl and by excess of acetic acid

A

Insoluble in alcohol
slightly soluble in cold water / forming alkali salts
precipitated by HCl

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7
Q

the nucleic acid responsible for using the genetic information encoded in DNA to produce the thousands of proteins found in living organisms

A

RNA / Ribonucleic Acid

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8
Q

the nucleic acid that stores genetic information

A

DNA / Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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9
Q

molecules of heredity

A

DNA

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10
Q

DNA is made up of mononucleosides ___ , ____ , ____ linked in various sequence with 3 - 5 phosphate diester linkage

A

d-AMP , d-GMP, d-TMP

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11
Q

DNA + Histone =

A

chromatin complex

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12
Q

basic pairing rules:

A

A = T
G = C

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13
Q

found in the nucleus of cells as a double-stranded, highly twisted polymer

A

DNA

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14
Q

double-coiled chain of nucleotides; resembling a ladder twisted into a helix

A

DNA

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15
Q

DNA Types

A

A-DNA, B-DNA, Z-DNA

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16
Q

is a right handed double helix similar to B-DNA form.

A

A-DNA

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17
Q

dehydrated DNA takes an A form that protects the DNA during extreme condition such as desiccation.
the protein binding also removes the solvent from DNA and the DNA takes an A form

A

A-DNA

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18
Q

The most common DNA conformation and is a right-handed helix; majority of DNA has this type of conformation under normal physiological conditions.

A

B-DNA

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19
Q

is a left handed DNA where the double helix winds to the left in a zigzag pattern

A

Z-DNA

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20
Q

It is found ahead of the start site of a gene and hence it is believed to have some role in the gene regulation

A

Z-DNA

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21
Q

discovered the Z-DNA

A

Andres Wang & Alexander Rich

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22
Q

DNA was first recognized and identified by _____________ in ____ during his research in white blood cells

A

swiss biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869

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23
Q

They discovered the double helix structure of a DNA molecule through the experimental data; proving that DNA is responsible for storing the genetic information of a human being

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

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24
Q

is a biochemist who discovered that the number of nitrogenous bases in the DNA was present in equal quantities. A=T, C=G

A

Erwin Chargaff

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25
Q

functions of DNA

A

replication (make copies of itself) ; transcription (transfer genetic info to m-RNA)

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26
Q

DNA that constitutes the total genetic information content of an organism

A

Genome

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27
Q

The segment of the genome that can be translated is called _____

A

Gene

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28
Q

DNA segment that do not convey code for genetic information

A

Introns

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29
Q

DNA segments that convey genetic information

A

Exons

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30
Q

ALPHA - HELIX

A

WATSON - CRICK MODEL

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31
Q

a single chain of nucleotides

A

RNA / Ribonucleic Acid

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32
Q

RNA is made up of major mononucleotides: ___ ___ ___ ___

A

AMP, GMP, UMP, CMP

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33
Q

FORMS OF RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) , Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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34
Q

it is made in the nucleus of the cell as a component to a DNA strand
pairing nile: UA; GC

A

Messenger RNA / mRNA

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35
Q

serves as cytoplasmic messenger of genes and carrier of genetic information for protein synthesis

A

mRNA

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36
Q

comprises 70-80% of the total cell RNA - most abundant
binds the m-RNA and enzyme for protein synthesis
used as a structural component of the ribosome

A

rRNA

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37
Q

10-15% of total RNA content of cell
carry specific amino acids to the ribosomes and decodes genetic info in mRNA in terms of sequence

A

tRNA

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38
Q

Nucleic acids are substances with high molecular weight and are made up of _________???

A

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus

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39
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Pyrimidine & Purine

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40
Q

it is isolated from the hydrolysis of nucleic acid
they have only one ring

A

Pyrimidine

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41
Q

under pyrimidine, plays an important role in metabolic processes

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

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42
Q

produces experimental diabetes and helped in the study of the nature of diabetes mellitus

A

Alloxan (2,4,5,6 - tetraoxypyrimidine)

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43
Q

used as an antithyroid drugs

A

Thiouracil/Propylthiouracil

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44
Q

PyCUT

A

Pyrimidine - Cytosine - Uracil - Thymine

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45
Q

it is made up of 6 membered pyrimidine ring and a five membered imidazole ring (2 rings)

A

Purine

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46
Q

most important in nature which are metabolic products in animals

A

Purine

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47
Q

under purine that has a weak acidic property

A

Uric Acid

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48
Q

xanthine from tea and coffee

A

Caffeine (1, 3, 7 trimethylxanthine)

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49
Q

xanthine from tea and cocoa

A

Theobromine (3, 7 dimethylxanthine)

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50
Q

PurGA

A

Purine - Adenine - Guanine

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51
Q

nitrogenous base + sugar

A

Nucleosides

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52
Q

are derivatives of purine and pyrimidine that have a sugar linked to a ring nitrogen of a purine or pyrimidine

A

Nucleosides

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53
Q

formed between C-1 of the sugar and N-1 of pyrimidine base of N-9 of Purine base; WATER is eliminated in the process.

A

Nucleosides

54
Q

Common Nucleosides of RNA (Pyrimidine and Purine)

A

Cytidine & Uridine
Adenosine & Guanosine

55
Q

Common Nucleosides of DNA

A

Deoxycytidine & Deoxyuridine
Deoxyadenosine & Deoxyguanosine

56
Q

Common Nucleotides of RNA (Pyrimidine & Purine)

A

Cytidylic Acid / Cytidine monophosphate
Uridylic Acid /Uridine monophosphate

Adenylic Acid / Adenosine monophosphate
Guanylic Acid / Guanosine monophosphate

57
Q

Common Nucleotides of DNA

A

Deoxycytidylic Acid / Deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxyuridylic Acid / Deoxyuridine monophosphate

Deoxyadenylic Acid / Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
Deoxyguanylic Acid / Deoxyguanosine monophosphate

58
Q

is a series of theories of the transmission of hereditary information and protein synthesis - Francis Crick

A

The Central Dogma

59
Q

the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce structures of the cell

A

Gene Expression

60
Q

DNA when replicates will transfer genetic info from parent to offspring
is a copying process by which DNA is applied to thew new cells formed by cell division

A

Replication DNA to DNA

61
Q

this process involves the transfer of genetic info from a DNA strand thru base pairing to form complementary ribonucleotides, an RNA chain

A

Transcription DNA to RNA

62
Q

This info is translated from nitrogenous base sequence to an amino acid sequence by tRNA as presented to it by the ribosomes forming proteins RNA to PROTEIN

A

Translation RNA to PROTEINS

63
Q

central dogma 3 reactions:

A

Replication
Transcription
Translation

64
Q

parent DNA to daughter DNA

A

Replication

65
Q

DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

66
Q

mRNA to CHON (reading from 5’ to 3’)

A

Translation

67
Q

only 1 strand will undergo transcription

A

SEME-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

68
Q

is the synthesis of a complimentary strand of RNA from a DNA template which takes place inside the nucleus

A

Transcription

69
Q

the process of transcription requires both enzyme called ______ and a supply of RNA nucleotides.

A

RNA Polymerase

70
Q

site where transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA

A

Promoter

71
Q

RNA synthesis continues until RNA polymerase reaches a site on the DNA called _______

A

Terminator

72
Q

Inhibitors of RNA synthesis

A

Actinomycin D & Mitomycin
Rifampicin
Quinolones & Fluoroquinoloes

73
Q

intercalate with DNA strands thus blocking transcription; as anticancer drugs

A

Actinomycin D & Mitomycin

74
Q

widely used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy

A

Rifampicin

75
Q

inhibit DNA gyrase (prokaryotic topoisomerase II), preventing DNA replication and transcription

A

Quinolones & Fluoroquinolones

76
Q

3 steps of Transcription

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

77
Q

beginning of transcription; occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase bind to a region of a gene (promoter)
DNA unwinds so enzyme can “read” the bases of 1 of the DNA strands

A

Initiation

78
Q

addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand; RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and build the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs
adenine (a) binds to uracil (u) in RNA

A

Elongation

79
Q

is the ending of the transcription; RNA polymerase crosses a stop sequence in the gene. mRNA strand complete and detaches from DNA

A

Termination

80
Q

the site of translation

A

ribosome

81
Q

both recognize thew specific codons and transport the required amino acids

A

transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules

82
Q

Each tRNA molecule has an _______

A

Anticodon

83
Q

sequence of 3 bases complementary to a codon

A

anticodon

84
Q

ribosomes direct the orderly binding of tRNAs to codons to assemble the amino acids brought there into a chain, ultimately producing a ________

A

Protein

85
Q

start codon

A

Methionine (AUG)

86
Q

when translation ends the ______ , ______ and the ______ are available to be used again.

A

Ribosome, the mRNA and the tRNA

87
Q

Inhibitors of protein synthesis

A

reversible inhibitors in bacteria- Bacteriostatic Agents
irreversible inhibitors in Bacteria - Bactericidal Agents

88
Q

reversible inhibitors in bacteria- Bacteriostatic Agents

A

Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Clindamycin

89
Q

irreversible inhibitors in Bacteria - Bactericidal Agents

A

Streptomycin

90
Q

irreversible inhibitors in Bacteria - Bactericidal Agents

A

Streptomycin

91
Q

relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

A

DNA Gyrase

92
Q

makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; Okazaki fragments, and new segments in excision repair

A

DNA Ligase

93
Q

Synthesize DNA; proofread and facilitate repair of DNA

A

DNA Polymerase

94
Q

unwinds double stranded DNA

A

Helicase

95
Q

an RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

A

Primase

96
Q

Copies RNA from a DNA template

A

RNA Polymerase

97
Q

any chemical or physical change that alters the sequence of bases in DNA molecule
any alteration in the protein as a result of a change in all cell structure

A

Mutation

98
Q

substance that causes mutation either physical or chemical form

A

Mutagens

99
Q

set of rules which give a relationship between the nitrogenous bases and the amino acid in a polypeptide chain

A

Genetic Code

100
Q

stop codons:

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

101
Q

gene that may replace one another at the same locus, responsible for alternate or contrasting characters

A

Alleles

102
Q

diseases with autosomal dominant inheritance

A

chondrodystrophy (dwarfism)
huntington disease

103
Q

diseases with autosomal recessive inheritance

A

Phenylketonuria
Albinism
Galactosemia
Sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis

104
Q

examples of sex linked excessive inheritance

A

hemophilia
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
red-green color blindness

105
Q

most abundant monosaccharide in nature

A

glucose

106
Q

are the most important monosaccharide found in plants
the first detectable sugar in plants

A

hexoses

107
Q

occur in free state in plants, sweet fruits, honey and inverted sugar

A

Glucose & Fructose

108
Q

sugar form a vital importance in the glucose metabolism of animals and in the photosynthesis process of plants

A

Heptoses

109
Q

carbon sugar isolated from avocado pulp

A

Octose

110
Q

considered as the most abundant oligosaccharide

A

Disaccharides

111
Q

those which yield a free aldehyde and ketone group

A

Reducing Disaccharides

112
Q

Reducing Disaccaharides

A

Lactose
Maltose
Cellobiose

113
Q

milk sugar least soluble and least sweet of all sugars

A

Lactose

114
Q

Malt sugar found in germinating grains and in malt; among then series of substances formed by hydrolysis of starch

A

Maltose

115
Q

obtained from the hydrolysis of cellulose from wood and cotton

A

Cellobiose

116
Q

Tests for reducing sugar

A

Barfoed’s Test - brick red ppt
Benedict’s Test - brick red ppt.
Nylander’s Test - black ppt.
Fehling’s Test - brick red ppt.

117
Q

Detection of reducing sugar in:

A

Fischer Formula & Haworth Structure

118
Q

are those whose aldehyde group are involved in the linkage
no free aldehyde or ketone group

A

Non-reducing sugars

119
Q

most widely distributed in nature
obtained commercially from sugar cane and sugar beets

A

Sucrose

120
Q

is sweeter than sugar

A

invert sugar

121
Q

yield for monosaccharide molecule on hydrolysis

A

Tetrasaccharides

122
Q

fructose + glucose + 2 molecules of galactose

A

Stachyose

123
Q

most abundant organic compound making up 50% or more of the carbon vegetation

A

Cellulose

124
Q

the purest source of cellulose

A

cotton

125
Q

serves as roughage for the evacuation of the bowel

A

cellulose

126
Q

long chain of pentose units

A

Pentosans

127
Q

found in wood, straw, rice bran and corn cobs

A

Xylans

128
Q

found in gum Arabic, mucilage and fruit juices

A

Arabans

129
Q

starch yielding glucose

A

Glucosan

130
Q

polysaccharide produced by certain microorganisms when grown on sugar media
made up of units of D-glucose molecule with glycosidic linkage

A

Dextran

MT - BioLec (3 decks)

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