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AS LEVEL BIOLOGY > NUCLEIC ACIDS > Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

Pentose sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate

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2
Q

Name the different nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA

A 
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
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3
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases divided into? And explain the difference.

A

Are divided into purines which are double ring structures and pyrimidines which are single ring structures.

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4
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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5
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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6
Q

Phosphate groups

A

Attached to the 5-carbon by phosphodiester bonds. The give nucleic acids their acidic nature. Also can attach to any substance making them phosphorylated- activated therefore providing activation energy

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleotide of ATP

A

ATP-Adenosine triphosphate
Sugar - Ribose
Nitrogenous base- Adenine
Three phosphate groups

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8
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA nucleotide

A

DNA-Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous bases-A,T,G,C
One phosphate group attached to 5-Carbon

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9
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

There are two polynucleotide chains which run in opposite direction-antiparallel. One strand runs in the 5’-3’ direction while the other runs in the 3’-5’ direction
The two chains precisely coil around each other forming a double helix.
The 5-carbon of one deoxyribose sugar molecule is linked to a phosphate group on the same nucleotide by phosphodiester bonds. The same phosphate group is liked by phosphodiester bonds to the 3-carbon of the deoxyribose sugar on the next nucleotide in a condensation reaction. This forms the sugar phosphate backbone of the chain.
The two antiparallel chains are held by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

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10
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between adenine and thymine?

A

2

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11
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between cytosine and guanine?

A

3

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12
Q

Describe the structure of RNA nucleotide

A

RNA-Ribonucleic acid
Sugar base-Ribose
Nitrogenous bases-A,G,C,U
A phosphate group attached to it

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13
Q

Describe the structure of an RNA molecule

A

One polynucleotide strand made up of alternating ribose sugars and phosphate groups. 5-carbon of one ribose sugar molecule is linked by phosphodiester bonds to a phosphate group which is linked to 3-carbon of the ribose sugar molecule of the next nucleotide by phosphodiester bonds , in a condensation reaction. The sugar phosphate of RNA is formed.

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14
Q

State the importance of hydrogen bonding in DNA structure

A

Hold complementary base pairs together
Provides stability
Can be broken down for transcription or replication

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15
Q

Describe the structure of DNA related to its function

A

Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds which are very strong covalent bonds. Complementary base pairs are held by hydrogen bonds- this makes DNA very stable. DNA must be stable so that the sequence of amino acids does not change therefore reducing the chances of mutations.
They carry coded information -order of the nucleotide bases can be used to control the production of other molecules
The have specific base pairing so they can be replicated when cells divide. Accurate replication during cell growth and duplication
It is compact due to the folding of the molecule-a great deal of information can be stored in a small volume
A way of transferring information into cell characteristics

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16
Q

When does DNA replication occur

A

s phase of a cell cycle

17
Q

Name the four enzymes needed in DNA replication

A

DNA helicase
Primase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase

18
Q

Which parent strand is the leading strand assembled against?

A

3’ 5’

19
Q

What is a gene?

A

Length of DNA which codes for a specific polypeptide

20
Q

State the features of the genetic code

A 
Triplet code
Universal
Degenerate
Non-overlapping
Has punctuations
21
Q

What is the codon for START

A

AUG (Methionine)

22
Q

What are the codons for STOP

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

23
Q

Name the enzymes required in protein synthesis

A

RNA polymerase

DNA helicase

24
Q

Describe the structure of a tRNA molecule

A

One end has three unpaired bases-anticodons

The other end has a site where specific amino acids can bind

25
Q

Describe the structure of a tRNA molecule

A

One end has three unpaired bases-anticodons

The other end has a site where specific amino acids can bind

26
Q

Types of mutation

A

Base substitution
Base insertion
Base deletion
Silent mutation

27
Q

What is the effect of base substitution

A

The altered DNA code causes the mRNA codon to be altered which in turn causes tRNA to bring a different amino acid at translation. Primary structure (sequence of amino acids) is altered therefore the tertiary folding is not correct as the sequence of R groups is changed. The protein can then result to be non functional.

28
Q

Describe the mutation that causes sickle cell anaemia

A

B-globin chain of haemoglobin is affected. Glutamic acid (CTT) is replaced by Valine (CAT).
Glutamic acid is polar while Valine is non-polar

AS LEVEL BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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