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Molecular Bio > Nucleic Acid Techniques > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Techniques Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

joining of DNA stretches from different sources

A

recombinant DNA

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2
Q

recombinant DNA is joining of _______ stretches from _______ sources

A

DNA stretches, different sources

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3
Q

2 sources of DNA recombination

A

Natural and Artificial

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4
Q

transfer of bacterial or viral DNA into genome of other organism

A

natural rDNA

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5
Q

deliberate joining of DNA in a laboratory

A

artificial rDNA

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6
Q

what 2 kinds of DNA do bacteria contain

A

chromosomal and plasmid

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7
Q

plasmids replicate _______ from bacterial chromosome

A

independently

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8
Q

plasmids contain a _________ gene

A

antibiotic resistance

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9
Q

describe Plasmid DNA

A

circular, double stranded, contains origin of replication

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10
Q

bacteria takes up forge in genetic material (free naked DNA) from environment

A

Transformation

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11
Q

what is transformation

A

bacteria take up free DNA in environment

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12
Q

plasmids are taken up from outside of transferred from one bacterium to another

A

conjugation

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13
Q

what is conjugation

A

plasmids taken up/transferred between bacteria

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14
Q

what occurs during meiosis and promotes diversity

A

homologous recombination

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15
Q

homologous recombination occurs during _______ and promotes ______ in a population

A

meiosis, promotes diversity

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16
Q

what is translocations between DIFFERENT chromosomes, may cause cancer

A

non-homologous recombination

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17
Q

non-homologous recombination is translocations between _________ chromosomes and can cause ______

A

different chromosomes, can cause cancer

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18
Q

generate a new copy of transposable element at a new location

A

Replicative recombination

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19
Q

2 examples of replicative recombination

A

hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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20
Q

3 types of recombination in humans

A

homologous, non-homologous, replicative

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21
Q

plasmids can be used as _______ to carry foreign DNA into a cell

A

vector

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22
Q

_________ + __________ = recombinant DNA

A

plasmid vector + foreign DNA

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23
Q

plasmid vector + foreign DNA = ____________

A

recombinant DNA

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24
Q

6 essential sites of a plasmid vector

A

Origin of Replication, Promoter Region, Antibiotic Resistance Gene, Selectable Marker, Restriction Site, Multiple Cloning Site

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25
Q

where DNA replication begins

A

origin of replication

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26
Q

codes for a protein that protects bacteria against antibiotics

A

antibiotic resistance gene

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27
Q

another antibiotic resistance gene or a fluorescent protein

A

selectable marker

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28
Q

flanked by restriction enzymes sites for easy insertion of gene of interest

A

multiple cloning site

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29
Q

drives transcription of therapeutic gene

A

promoter region

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30
Q

the multiple cloning site is flanked by _________ __________ for easy insertion of ________

A

restriction enzymes, gene of interest

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31
Q

the promoter region drives _______

A

transcription

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32
Q

DNA cutting enzymes that recognizes specific target sequences

A

restriction enzymes

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33
Q

the specific sequences of DNA recognized by restriction enzymes

A

restriction sites

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34
Q

2 types of cuts made by restriction enzymes

A

staggered and blunt

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35
Q

what type of cut has ends with single stranded DNA overhangs

A

staggered cuts

36
Q

what cut has 5’ sticky-ends

A

staggered

37
Q

what type of ends do staggered cuts have

A

5’ sticky ends

38
Q

dna joining enzyme

A

DNA ligase

39
Q

DNA ligase does what

A

joins DNA

40
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

41
Q

what amplifies small segments of DNA

A

PCR

42
Q

3 components of PCR

A

primer, DNA Pol (Taq), dNTPs

43
Q

thermostable enzyme that synthesizes copies of DNA

A

Taq Polymerase

44
Q

what complements the target sequence and binds to the single stranded DNA (20-40 nucleotides long)

A

primer pairs

45
Q

3 steps of PCR

A

Denaturation, Annealing, Extension

46
Q

which step of PCR: separation of 2 DNA strands

A

Denaturation

47
Q

which step of PCR: DNA primer binds to separated strands

A

Annealing

48
Q

which step of PCR: DNA Pol begins adding nucleotides onto the ends

A

Extension

49
Q

PCR products are analyzed by

A

gel electrophoresis

50
Q

technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size

A

gel electrophoresis

51
Q

gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by _______

A

size

52
Q

DNA is ______ charges so it migrates toward to ________ charged electrode

A

DNA is negatively charged, migrates to positive electrode

53
Q

_________ DNA strands move more quickly so they are FURTHER down the gel

A

shorter

54
Q

which size DNA fragments more further

A

smaller

55
Q

which size DNA fragments don’t go as far

A

larger

56
Q

method used to identify an individual from a DNA sample by looking at unique patterns

A

DNA profiling

57
Q

____% of DNA between 2 people is the same, ____% is what makes us unique

A

99.9% is the same, 0.1% is unique

58
Q

2-5 base pairs long and repeated numerous times in a head to tail manner

A

short tandem repeats

59
Q

short tandem repeats are also called

A

microsatellites

60
Q

2 ways DNA Profiling is used

A

solve crime, link blood relatives

61
Q

how are STR’s used to identify individuals

A

people have different number of repeats at a given DNA locus

62
Q

FBI recommends that _____ STR sequences are tested

A

13

63
Q

powerful tool for genome editing

A

CRISPER/Cas

64
Q

what is CRISPR used for

A

genome editing

65
Q

CRISPR/Cas is used to eradicate ________

A

malaria

66
Q

what is gene drive

A

using CRISPR to insert and spread a mutation in a population at a higher rate

(used for malaria)

67
Q

CRISPER gener therapy to cure ________

A

sickle cell anemia

68
Q

CRISPR stands for

A

clusters of regularly interspaces short palindromic repeats

69
Q

2 characteristics of CRISPR DNA sequences

A

nucleotide repeats and spacers

70
Q

what are spacers

A

bits of DNA that are interspersed among repeated sequences

71
Q

3 steps to protect bacteria from viral attack

A

Adaptation, crRNA biogenesis, targeting

72
Q

which step: new spacers derived from genome of invading virus and incorporated into CRISPR array

A

Adaptation

73
Q

which step: CRISPR precursor processed to generate small mature crRNA that consists of single spacer flanked by repeat region fragments

A

crRNA biogenesis

74
Q

which step: crRNAs guide bacteria to destroy viral material

A

Targeting

75
Q

what shuttles Cas9 to the target

A

gRNA

76
Q

2 parts of gRNA

A

synthetic crRNA, synthetic trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA)

77
Q

process of determining order of the 4 bases in a piece of DNA

A

DNA sequencing

78
Q

Human Genome Project was completed in

A

2003

79
Q

2 methods of DNA sequencing

A

Sanger and Next-Generation

80
Q

Sanger sequencing is also called

A

chain termination method

81
Q

what technique was used in the Human Genome Project

A

Sanger sequencing

82
Q

5 ingredients for Sanger Sequencing

A

DNA polymerase, Primer, the 4 nucleotides (dNTPs), template DNA, dideoxy nucleotides (ddNTPs)

83
Q

dideoxy nucleotides lack a ______ group on the ____ carbon of the sugar ring

A

hydroxyl group on the 3’ carbon

84
Q

why can’t nucleotides be added to dideoxy nucleotides

A

no hydroxy available

85
Q

when does DNA Pol stop adding nucleotides during Sanger sequencing

A

when a ddNTP is added

86
Q

how does Sanger sequencing work

A

fragments aligned based on overlapping portions to assemble larger regions of DNA

87
Q

how many reactions occur during Sanger sequencing

A

4

Molecular Bio (3 decks)

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