Nucleic acid function Flashcards
Nucleic acids have 2 major functions. These are
the direction of protein synthesis;
transmission of this information from one generation to the next.
Proteins, whether structural components, enzymes, carrier molecules, hormones or receptors, are all composed of a series of _____.
amino acids
_____ major amino acids are known, and the sequence of these determines the form and function of the resulting protein.
Twenty
All proteins are encoded by _____, and the unit of DNA that contains the protein - coding sequence (together w/ the introns and the neighbouring untranslated regulatory sequences) is, by definition, its _____.
DNA; gene
A gene is composed of what components?
Protein coding region; introns; and neighboring untranslated regulatory sequences
Genes vary greatly in size from small genes like the _____ and medium - sized genes of _____ to enormous genes such as _____.
globins; 15 – 45 kb; dystrophin
Each set of three DNA base pairs, called a _____, codes for an amino acid.
triplet or codon
Each codon is shown in terms of the ______.
messenger RNA (mRNA)
As each base in the triplet may be any of the four types of nucleotide (A, G, C or T), this results in _____ combinations or codons.
4^3 or 64 possible
The corresponding DNA sequence from w/c the mRNA is actually transcribed will be ____.
complementary
The corresponding DNA sequence from w/c the mRNA is actually transcribed is called what strand?
antisense strand
It is the sequence of the ____ strand that is usually published or used as a reference.
Sense strand
This strand contains the AUG or ATG in the mRNA and DNA, respectively.
Sense strand
What are the only amino acids that are not encoded by more than one codon?
methionine and tryptophan
Because most of the amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. The genetic code is said to be _____.
degenerate
Three of the 64 codons designate the termination of a message and these are called _____ and one codon acts as a ____ signal for protein synthesis.
stop codons; start
What are/is the stop codons? Start codon?
stop: UAA, UGA and UAG
start: AUG - methionine
T/F. With a few possible exceptions, this code is identical in all species. The genetic code used for the synthesis of proteins that are encoded by the mitochondrial genome is also the same.
False. Mitochondrial protein synthesis has its own genetic code.
The first stage in protein synthesis is _____.
transcription
During transcription, the _____ functions as a template and is read in the 3 ′ to 5 ′ direction by the enzyme RNA polymerase II, with the mRNA being synthesized in the 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction.
template strand