Nucleic acid function Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleic acids have 2 major functions. These are

A

the direction of protein synthesis;

transmission of this information from one generation to the next.

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2
Q

Proteins, whether structural components, enzymes, carrier molecules, hormones or receptors, are all composed of a series of _____.

A

amino acids

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3
Q

_____ major amino acids are known, and the sequence of these determines the form and function of the resulting protein.

A

Twenty

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4
Q

All proteins are encoded by _____, and the unit of DNA that contains the protein - coding sequence (together w/ the introns and the neighbouring untranslated regulatory sequences) is, by definition, its _____.

A

DNA; gene

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5
Q

A gene is composed of what components?

A

Protein coding region; introns; and neighboring untranslated regulatory sequences

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6
Q

Genes vary greatly in size from small genes like the _____ and medium - sized genes of _____ to enormous genes such as _____.

A

globins; 15 – 45 kb; dystrophin

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7
Q

Each set of three DNA base pairs, called a _____, codes for an amino acid.

A

triplet or codon

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8
Q

Each codon is shown in terms of the ______.

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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9
Q

As each base in the triplet may be any of the four types of nucleotide (A, G, C or T), this results in _____ combinations or codons.

A

4^3 or 64 possible

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10
Q

The corresponding DNA sequence from w/c the mRNA is actually transcribed will be ____.

A

complementary

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11
Q

The corresponding DNA sequence from w/c the mRNA is actually transcribed is called what strand?

A

antisense strand

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12
Q

It is the sequence of the ____ strand that is usually published or used as a reference.

A

Sense strand

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13
Q

This strand contains the AUG or ATG in the mRNA and DNA, respectively.

A

Sense strand

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14
Q

What are the only amino acids that are not encoded by more than one codon?

A

methionine and tryptophan

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15
Q

Because most of the amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. The genetic code is said to be _____.

A

degenerate

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16
Q

Three of the 64 codons designate the termination of a message and these are called _____ and one codon acts as a ____ signal for protein synthesis.

A

stop codons; start

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17
Q

What are/is the stop codons? Start codon?

A

stop: UAA, UGA and UAG
start: AUG - methionine

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18
Q

T/F. With a few possible exceptions, this code is identical in all species. The genetic code used for the synthesis of proteins that are encoded by the mitochondrial genome is also the same.

A

False. Mitochondrial protein synthesis has its own genetic code.

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19
Q

The first stage in protein synthesis is _____.

A

transcription

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20
Q

During transcription, the _____ functions as a template and is read in the 3 ′ to 5 ′ direction by the enzyme RNA polymerase II, with the mRNA being synthesized in the 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction.

A

template strand

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21
Q

During transcription, the template strand functions as a template and is read in the _____ direction by the enzyme RNA polymerase II, with the mRNA being synthesized in the 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction.

A

3 ′ to 5 ′

22
Q

During transcription, the template strand functions as a template and is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction by the enzyme _____, with the mRNA being synthesized in the 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction.

A

RNA polymerase II

23
Q

During transcription, the template strand functions as a template and is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction by the enzyme RNA polymerase II, with the mRNA being synthesized in the _____ direction.

A

5 ′ to 3 ′

24
Q

Transcription proceeds at about ____ nucleotides per second until the _____ is reached.

A

30; transcription terminator

25
Q

The next stage of protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm & is called _____.

A

translation

26
Q

During translation, as the ribosome moves along the mRNA from the _____ end, each codon is recognized by a matching _____, which contributes its amino acid to the end of a new growing protein chain until a _____ is reached.

A

5 ′ to the 3 ′; complementary tRNA; stop codon

27
Q

Proteins are encoded by genes containing, on average, approximately ____ exons, each around _____ bp in size.

A

10; 300

28
Q

Human genes, however, tend to be much larger than would be expected from the encoded protein ’ s amino acid sequence alone. This excess is mainly due to the presence of _____, but also to the 5 ′ and 3 ′ _____.

A

intervening sequences;
flanking sequences

29
Q

The vast majority of genes consist of alternating coding segments for mature mRNA, _____, and non - coding segments of < 30 bp to over 1 Mbp, called _____, whose function is largely unknown.

A

exons; intervening sequences or introns

30
Q

Average length of intervening/intron sequences

A

less than 30 bp to over 1 Mbp

31
Q

The initial mRNA, _____, is a transcript of the gene that includes not only the exons, but also the intervening sequences and some flanking sequences.

A

heterogeneous RNA or hnRNA

32
Q

Prior to its entry into the cytoplasm, however, the segments corresponding to the intervening sequences are removed by _____.

A

splicing

33
Q

The sequences around the _____ serve as recognition sites for splicing proteins, and characteristically an intron begins with _____, the 5′ donor site, and ends with _____, the 3 ′ acceptor site.

A

intron/exon junctions; GT; AG

34
Q

The sequences around the intron/exon junctions serve as recognition sites for splicing proteins, and characteristically an intron begins with GT, the _____ and ends with AG the _____.

A

5 ′ donor site; 3 ′ acceptor site

35
Q

T/F. Mutations in the bases adjacent to the exon/intron boundaries interfere with mRNA splicing and can cause genetic disease.

A

True

36
Q

The mRNA 5 ′ end is protected or ‘ capped ’ with a _____ residue, and the _____ extends downstream from this cap site to the beginning of the protein – coding sequence.

A

methyl guanylate; 5′ untranslated region (5 ′ UTR)

37
Q

In the initial mRNA transcript, _____ extends from the protein translation stop codon to the poly(A) tail.

A

3 ′ untranslated region (3 ′ UTR)

38
Q

This tail of 100 – 200 adenylate (i.e. AMP) residues is not encoded in the DNA but is added enzymatically to aid cytoplasmic transport and, possibly, mRNA stability.

A

poly-A tail

39
Q

The poly-A tail is consist of _____ adenylate residues.

A

100-200

40
Q

Many proteins are not in their final form after ribosomal translation. The subsequent post - translational alterations include:

A

the formation of disulphide bonds;
hydroxylation;
glycosylation;
proteolytic cleavage;
phosphorylation

41
Q

Each step in the production of the final protein is important, as many proteins are highly dependent for function upon their exact _____, w/c in turn is determined by their _____ and _____.

A

three - dimensional shape or tertiary structure;
amino acid sequence;
post - translational modifications

42
Q

In general, acidic (e.g. Asp, Glu) and basic (e.g. Lys, Arg, His) amino acids are found on the _____ of a folded protein, with hydrophobic amino acids (e.g. Ala, Val, Leu) _____ orientated.

A

surface; internally

43
Q

Examples of acidic amino acid; basic.

A

acidic: Asp, Glu
basic: Lys, Arg, His

44
Q

The effect of an amino acid substitution thus not only depends upon its relationship to the ____ of the protein but also upon the change in ____ and hence the degree of consequent disruption to the protein ’ s _____.

A

active site; charge or hydrophobicity; tertiary structure.

45
Q

The DNA sequence of a gene allows prediction of the _____ and _____ sequence and often the general function and intracellular location of the protein.

A

mRNA; protein amino acid

46
Q

True/False. DNA sequences reliably predict the patterns of alternative splicing, the post - translational modifications, the three – dimensional (i.e. tertiary) structure of the protein, its precise functions or its expression patterns.

A

False

47
Q

To investigate gene expression, RNA analysis may be carried out by what methods?

A

reverse transcription PCR
microarray analysis
Northern blotting.

48
Q

Protein size and abundance can be determined by the antibody - based technique known as _____.

A

Western blotting

49
Q

To visualize the intracellular location of a protein, _____ can be undertaken using a fluorescent antibody that binds specifically to that protein.

A

immunofluorescence microscopy

50
Q

To determine the protein ’ s three – dimensional structure, these methods may be used.

A

X - ray crystallography
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used.